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Romans – Chapter One XXXVII

by Ed Urzi February 10, 2026

“The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of people, who suppress the truth by their wickedness” (Romans 1:18 NIV).

Paul the Apostle paints a compelling word-picture that enriches our appreciation for the ideas he presents in this passage. For example, notice that God’s wrath emanates from His very dwelling place, for it is “…being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness.” And lest we fall into the mistaken notion that such judgment is reserved for the distant future, we are told that God’s wrath “is being revealed” even today. Psalm 7:11 offers a counterpart to this idea when it tells us, “God is a just judge, And God is angry with the wicked every day.”

That brings us to this reference to “godlessness,” a term that means “without reverence for God.” A godless person is someone who lives as if God did not exist, or exhibits irreverence for Him in thought, word, or deed. Much like a warning lamp that signals the presence of a fault condition, godlessness signals a defect in one’s vertical relationship with his or her Creator.

Of course, this attribute is not the sole property of those who explicitly reject their Creator. For instance, there are many who choose to live as “practical atheists.” This phrase describes those who acknowledge the existence of a god in theory, but show little evidence of that acknowledgment in their daily lives. In pragmatic terms, there is a substantial difference between the abstract concept of a higher power or a superior being, and the God of the Scriptures.

You see, it is one thing to affirm the existence of an idealistic god who makes no demands upon one’s life. Such a “god” can assume any form we like and asks nothing more of us than whatever we are already willing to offer. It also liberates us from the prospect of a potentially uncomfortable assessment of our lives in the hereafter. However, it is quite another matter to affirm the existence of a God who holds His human creation accountable for every thought, word, and deed.

If our concept of “god” is built upon something other than the God who is revealed to us in the Biblical Scriptures, then we are undoubtedly preparing ourselves for a future we do not expect. God has always been who He said He is, but He may not be who we say He is if our image of Him is not based on the God who is revealed to us in the Scriptures.

Image Attribution: PickPik

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Romans – Chapter One XXXVI

by Ed Urzi February 9, 2026

“For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people who suppress the truth by their unrighteousness” (Romans 1:18 NET).

Our survey of this important passage continues with a look at this reference to “wrath.” A fresh perspective on this text may prove beneficial, for it is often easy to view the concept of “God’s wrath” through the lens of human anger.

For instance, God does not express His wrath in an uncontrolled eruption of rage like the furious response of a motorist to a roadway incident. Nor is the wrath of God emotionally unstable or erratic like some expressions of human anger. God’s wrath is also more than just a mere expression of annoyance or resentment. Instead, the wrath of God represents a justified response to the presence of ungodliness and unrighteousness.

One source offers a definition of the word “wrath” in the context of Romans 1:18…

“The New Testament word for ‘wrath’ is orge. It carries the meaning of ‘strong desire,’ ‘violent passion,’ and ‘ire’ (see Eph. 2:3; Col. 3:6; 1 Thess. 5:9; Rev. 6:16). As applied to God, wrath means His anger at and hatred of sin, His righteous indignation at all evil, and His jealous execution of judgment on unrighteousness. However, wrath, while rooted in God’s essential nature as just, is not an attribute, but an act that flows from His unchanging righteousness.” (1)

It may be easier to understand God’s wrath if we think back to His creative efforts as recorded in the Biblical book of Genesis. For example, God characterized His creation as “very good” prior to the introduction of sin into the world (Genesis 1:31). However, the advent of sin brought ungodliness, unrighteousness, and a host of other inappropriate attitudes and behaviors. As a result, God’s creation was no longer “very good.” If we could place ourselves in God’s position and reflect on how we might feel if others destroyed a creation of our own in that manner, we might find it easier to empathize with this response.

Finally, another commentary draws our attention to the legitimacy of God’s wrath…

“…we must remember that God’s anger is not without justification. As Paul says in Romans 1, God’s anger is directed against the unrighteousness and ungodliness of men. He is not becoming angry over nothing; He is not overreacting. He is not simply being touchy or flying off the handle for no real reason. Rather, He is responding to real evil.

Being holy in all His being, He cannot react any other way to evil—anger against sin is the proper response for Him. Therefore, God’s anger is known as righteous anger. Though He is patient and gracious, He does grow angry over implacable unrighteousness, and He is justified in doing so.” (2)

(1) Geisler, N. L. (2003). Systematic Theology: God/Creation. Bethany House Publishers. [p.397]

(2) God’s furious anger. (n.d.). https://tabletalkmagazine.com/daily-study/2003/06/gods-furious-anger-3/

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Romans – Chapter One XXXV

by Ed Urzi February 6, 2026

“For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness” (Romans 1:18).

The late Dr. J. Vernon McGee was a longtime pastoral minister and host of the “Thru the Bible” radio program. Shortly after he relocated to California in the United States, McGee was asked how he liked his new pastoral position. “It’s wonderful. I enjoy it, but there is something strange out here…” he replied. “I can teach the Book of Revelation in my church, and it will fill up on Wednesday nights. But if I teach the Epistle to the Romans, I empty the church.” (1)

J. Vernon McGee may have had our text from Romans 1:18 in mind when he made that observation, for this passage marks our entry into a profoundly challenging portion of Scripture. From this point forward and continuing into chapter three, Paul the Apostle will lay out the justification for God’s indictment of this world. Much like a courtroom attorney, he will begin by presenting several pieces of evidence to support that indictment.

The first exhibit in that line of evidence involves the human inclination to suppress what we know of God’s existence (verses eighteen and nineteen). The next exhibit will probe humanity’s deliberate rejection of the forms of revelation that God makes available to us (verses nineteen and twenty). Finally, Paul will close this chapter with a long list of examples that document humanity’s preference to think and act in ways that dishonor its Creator (verses twenty-one to thirty-two).

Paul’s opening argument begins here in verse eighteen with a reference to “the wrath of God” that “is revealed from heaven.” There are two ways we can view this reference to God’s wrath. First, we can view the wrath of God as something that is rehabilitative in nature. From this perspective, God’s wrath serves to persuade and encourage us to refrain from harmful actions. Much like a scalpel in the hands of a skilled surgeon, God’s wrath is often painful, but highly effective in healing those who demonstrate the need for such procedures.

A second (and more difficult) option is to view the wrath of God as a punitive response. This involves a sentence or penalty incurred by those who defiantly refuse to permit the truth of God’s Word to influence their behavior. For example, there are undoubtedly many who know what they should do in a given situation but spurn the opportunity to act on what they know. In such instances, we might view the wrath of God as a disciplinary sentence that is imposed upon those who persistently refuse to do what they know is right.

(1) J. Vernon McGee, Thru The Bible with J. Vernon McGee, “Revelation 10:8-11” Copyright 1981 by J. Vernon McGee

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Romans – Chapter One XXXIV

by Ed Urzi February 5, 2026

“For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17 KJV).

The latter portion of Romans 1:17 brings us to one of the greatest affirmations in all Scripture: “The just shall live by faith.” That spiritual truth first appeared in the book of the Old Testament prophet Habakkuk, and served as the catalyst that inspired the Protestant Reformation. In addition to its appearance here in Romans 1:17, this great spiritual truth is also referenced in the New Testament books of Galatians and Hebrews as well (see Galatians 3:11 and Hebrews 10:38).

This conviction is one that characterized the great men and women of God’s Word and continues to do so in the lives of those who seek to honor God today. The following author highlights the fruit of that principle in the lives of God’s people…

“…the thing that characterizes the righteous person above all else is an abiding trust in God and His promises. Because righteous people trust the Lord, they continue to believe Him even when He seems slow to act. They do not just believe in God—they believe God. Because they believe the Lord, they are faithful to Him and they obey Him—truly though imperfectly— out of their deep loyalty to Him.” (1)

When facing a circumstance that defies easy explanation, we can benefit from remembering that the just shall live by faith. We can also draw comfort and insight from the following portions of Scripture…

“Commit everything you do to the Lord. Trust him, and he will help you” (Psalm 37:5 NLT).

“Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make your paths straight” (Proverbs 3:5-6 NIV).

“If you want to know what God wants you to do, ask him, and he will gladly tell you, for he is always ready to give a bountiful supply of wisdom to all who ask him; he will not resent it” (James 1:5 TLB).

With these things in mind, we can make a practical (albeit difficult) application. Since this passage tells us that the just shall live by faith, we should not be surprised if God permits us to enter a life circumstance (or many life circumstances) that requires us to exercise it. Therefore, we should recognize that God has an ultimate purpose behind the challenges and difficulties He allows us to experience and will ultimately bring something beneficial from them.

(1) The Righteous shall live by faith (2014, January 10). Ligonier Ministries. https://learn.ligonier.org/devotionals/righteous-shall-live-faith

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Romans – Chapter One XXXIII

by Ed Urzi February 4, 2026

“For the righteousness of God is revealed in the gospel from faith to faith, just as it is written, ‘The righteous by faith will live'” (Romans 1:17 NET).

Although modern technology continues to blur the line between what is real and what is electronically altered, many still accept the premise that “seeing is believing.” But real, Biblical faith often functions in the opposite manner: first you believe and then you see. Jesus illustrated that contrast when He told His followers, “…whatever you ask for in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours” (Mark 11:24 NIV).

While some might seize upon that invitation as an opportunity to pursue any number of requests, there are limitations on the things God will give us, no matter how much faith we possess. For instance, God will never give us something that is ultimately bad for us (see Matthew 7:9-11 and James 1:17). The Scriptures also tell us that certain prerequisites are necessary if we desire to see God answer our prayers. Those includes…

  • Faith (Hebrews 11:6).
  • Remaining, staying, or abiding in Christ (John 15:7).
  • Asking for things that are aligned with God’s character and not prompted by selfish desires (James 4:3).
  • Asking for things that are in God’s will (1 John 5:14-15).

If those qualities influence the things we seek in prayer, then we are free to follow Jesus’ counsel from the Gospel of Matthew: “Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you” (Matthew 7:7 NIV).

We should also acknowledge the distinction between “faith” and “blind faith.” For instance, “blind faith” involves belief without evidence, or a type of faith that has no basis in reality. On the other hand, Biblical faith reflects a confident assurance that grows from the evidential nature of Jesus’ ministry. For instance, consider how Jesus appealed to the miraculous evidence He offered to support His claims…

“If I do not do the works of My Father, do not believe Me; but if I do, though you do not believe Me, believe the works, that you may know and believe that the Father is in Me, and I in Him” (John 10:37-38).

“Believe Me that I am in the Father and the Father in Me, or else believe Me for the sake of the works themselves” (John 14:11).

“But I have a greater witness than John’s; for the works which the Father has given Me to finish—the very works that I do—bear witness of Me, that the Father has sent Me” (John 5:36).

We should never mistake genuine faith for blind faith. Instead, genuine faith involves trust in the God who demonstrates His faithfulness through the pages of the Scriptures and in the lives of His people.

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Romans – Chapter One XXXII

by Ed Urzi February 3, 2026

“For the righteousness of God is revealed in the gospel from faith to faith, just as it is written, ‘The righteous by faith will live'” (Romans 1:17 ESV).

Scholars and commentators have wrestled with the precise meaning of the term “faith to faith” here in Romans 1:17. For instance, this portion of Scripture may relate to God’s faithfulness in respect to our faith, or it may refer to ever-increasing degrees of faith.

However, it seems likely that this simple but challenging phrase has a different meaning: a life that reflects the good news of salvation through faith in Christ is one that produces an attitude of faith “from start to finish.”

Several translations of this passage take this interpretive approach…

  • “…it is through faith from beginning to end” (GNB).
  • “…[it] begins and ends with faith” (GW).
  • “…[it] is by faith from first to last” (NIV).

The Biblical Scriptures repeatedly highlight the importance of faith in God, but what does “faith” really entail? To answer that question, we can turn to the following definition of faith offered by one Bible dictionary: “[Faith is a] belief in or confident attitude toward God, involving commitment to His will for one’s life.” (1) However, the New Testament book of Hebrews provides us with the best definition of faith…

“Now faith is the assurance (title deed, confirmation) of things hoped for (divinely guaranteed), and the evidence of things not seen [the conviction of their reality—faith comprehends as fact what cannot be experienced by the physical senses]” (Hebrews 11:1-3 AMP).

In light of these definitions, we can say that genuine, Biblical faith reflects the firm conviction that God is who He says He is, and will do what He says He will do. It also encompasses the confident expectation that God will act faithfully to fulfill His promises, even when external appearances seem to suggest otherwise. This kind of faith forms a key characteristic of a life that honors God, for as we’re told here in Romans 1:17, “…’The person who has God’s approval will live by faith'” (GW).

This means faith is more than just a personal attribute; it also embodies a behavioral mindset that should define those who genuinely seek to follow Christ. In the words of one source, “…[T]o say ‘the righteous live by faith’ is to say that the righteous live their lives in loyalty to God, inspired by a personal trust in His promises. Righteous people live a life that is characterized in an abiding trust in the goodness of God despite their situation.” (2)

Image Attribution : Faith Written On Rock, CC0 Public Domain, Circe Denyer, via Public Domain Pictures.net

(1) “Faith.” Nelson’s Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Copyright © 1986, Thomas Nelson Publishers

(2) Being Faithful (2004, August 31). Ligonier Ministries. https://learn.ligonier.org/devotionals/being-faithful

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Romans – Chapter One XXXI

by Ed Urzi February 2, 2026

“For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, ‘The just shall live by faith'” (Romans 1:17).

While many accept the premise that everyone possesses a moral compass, there are just as many who would undoubtedly view “right” and “wrong” as a matter of personal preference. However, a compass that aligns with our preferences may not provide an accurate reading. Therefore, the question of where that compass points is far more significant.

Romans 1:17 directs us to the “true north” of an accurate moral compass in referencing “the righteousness of God.” The word “righteousness” appears over eighty times in the New Testament Scriptures, and it represents a key theme within the book of Romans. In a broad sense, we can define righteousness as “the state of someone who is as he or she ought to be.” It also encompasses the qualities of integrity, virtue, purity of life, and rightness. Finally, righteousness involves the quality of being correct in one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. (1)

When we say God is righteous, we mean that His character is completely devoid of any form of wrongdoing, dishonesty, or unfairness. The “righteousness of God” implies that His actions are always morally right, legally just, ethically proper, and perfectly consistent with His other divine qualities. Therefore, He serves as the measure of right and wrong with respect to our choices and decisions.

In addition to righteousness as a characteristic of God, we can also apply this concept in several other ways. For instance, we might view “righteousness” in the context of God’s moral law. When we act in accordance with those standards, we are acting righteously. When our conduct is misaligned with God’s moral law, we are acting unrighteously.

“Righteousness” also characterizes the state of right standing with God that He makes available to us through Jesus’ sacrificial death on the cross. In this sense, righteousness is something that is imputed to us through faith in Christ and His substitutionary work of atonement on our behalf. 2 Corinthians 5:21 expands on this idea when it tells us, “For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin for us, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.”

So, in speaking of “…a righteousness that is by faith from first to last” (NIV), our text from Romans 1:17 directs us to an important spiritual truth: we can only be made righteous (or attain a right standing with God) through faith.

Image Attribution : Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) See G1343 – dikaiosyne – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g1343/kjv/tr/0-1/

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Romans – Chapter One XXX

by Ed Urzi January 30, 2026

“For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek” (Romans 1:16 ESV).

The city of Rome was the center of political and military power at the time of the Epistle to the Romans. At its peak, the authority of the Roman Empire spread across portions of three continents and controlled large territorial areas throughout Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Paul the Apostle was thus writing to a congregational audience who understood the concepts of strength, authority, and force projection.

However, Rome’s power could only compel external compliance to the edicts of the Empire. Yet unlike the political and military dominance that characterized the Roman Empire, the power that Paul the Apostle speaks of here in Romans 1:16 was “…the power of God unto salvation” (KJV). In a spiritual context, this reference to “salvation” is associated with the concept of “deliverance.” It encompasses God’s liberation of human beings from their state of separation from Him.

That state of separation arises from the fact that “…all have sinned; all fall short of God’s glorious standard” (NLT) as we’ll read later in Romans 3:23. Unfortunately, everyone has failed to live up to the standard of perfection that God established with the creation of the very first human couple. The New Testament epistle of James adds to that sobering reality when it tells us, “If someone obeys all of God’s laws except one, that person is guilty of breaking all of them.” (James 2:10 GW).

Nevertheless, Jesus (who was sinless) accepted that death penalty on our behalf through His atoning, sacrificial death on the cross. Those who accept His substitutionary death by faith receive salvation (or deliverance) from an eternity of retributive justice for their offenses. The following translation of John 3:17-18 conveys this idea in the following manner…

“For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him. Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only Son of God” (ESV).

Jesus’ sacrificial death thus delivers us from the eternal death sentence that accompanies sin. Therefore, as the Biblical book of Galatians reminds us, “…when the right time finally came, God sent his own Son. He came as the son of a human mother and lived under the Jewish Law, to redeem those who were under the Law, so that we might become God’s children” (Galatians 4:4-5 GNT).

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Romans – Chapter One XXIX

by Ed Urzi January 29, 2026

“For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first and also for the Greek” (Romans 1:16).

This transitional passage bridges the introductory portion of Romans chapter one and carries us into the doctrinal discussions that unfold throughout the remainder of this chapter and beyond. Paul the Apostle will launch this brief section by embracing the gospel of Christ as the power of God that brings salvation to everyone who believes it.

That offer of salvation was first presented to the Jewish people and then extended to others, or to “everyone who believes…” Paul was not ashamed of that message, and as one commentator perceptively observed, “I reckon him a Christian indeed that is neither ashamed of the gospel, nor a shame to it.” (1)

While a cursory look at Paul’s life is sufficient to support the claim that he was unashamed of the gospel, it’s possible that some among his audience in Rome were pressured to adopt a different view. Then, as now, the church at Rome faced a secular environment that encouraged the kind of response to the gospel that Paul addressed in a letter to the church at Corinth…

“It seems foolish to the Jews because they want a sign from heaven as proof that what is preached is true; and it is foolish to the Gentiles because they believe only what agrees with their philosophy and seems wise to them. So when we preach about Christ dying to save them, the Jews are offended and the Gentiles say it’s all nonsense” (1 Corinthians 1:22-23 NLT).

One source ties these elements together for the benefit of modern-day readers…

“We should not miss the connection between the Apostle’s eagerness to minister in Rome and his declaration that he is ‘not ashamed of the gospel’ (v. 16). The news of a crucified Messiah was not ‘seeker sensitive’ in the first century. Crucifixion was the worst way to die, and the simple message ‘believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved lacked the philosophical intricacies that occupied the most renowned secular thinkers (Acts 16:31). Many found the resurrection downright laughable (17:32).

If anything should have caused shame, it was the foolish notion that an unknown Jewish teacher in the backwater region of Palestine is the path to eternal life. But that is to look at things according to the ways of the world. Paul’s view was changed when he met Jesus on the road to Damascus (9:1–31). Having experienced the power of God in the crucified and risen Christ, he had no reason to be ashamed of the gospel message even in the city of Rome, where a vast number of residents would be ‘cultured despisers’ of that message.” (2)

(1) Henry, Matthew. “Complete Commentary on Romans 1:16”. “Henry’s Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible“. https://www.studylight.org/?commentaries/?mhm/?romans-1.html. 1706.

(2) The Power of God for Salvation Ligonier Ministries, 8 Jan. 2014, https://learn.ligonier.org/devotionals/power-god-salvation

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Romans – Chapter One XXVIII

by Ed Urzi January 28, 2026

“I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to wise and to unwise. So, as much as is in me, I am ready to preach the gospel to you who are in Rome also” (Romans 1:14-15).

In the social culture of the Apostle Paul’s era, this reference to “Greeks” from Romans 1:14 identified those who had adopted the Greek culture and language of that period. It also distinguished those who had been educated in the philosophy, art, and government of Greco-Roman society. A person who belonged to that social class was thus said to possess a greater degree of sophistication and cultural refinement than others who lacked such qualities.

On the other hand, the word “Barbarians” served as a broad designation that applied to groups and individuals who spoke languages other than Greek and lived outside those established social norms. Their languages sounded much like babble to Greek and Roman sophisticates and thus led to their identification as “bar–bar-rians.” While those people groups were not necessarily uneducated or uncivilized, their failure to assimilate into Greco-Roman culture relegated them to the ranks of the uncultured.

A similar division occurred with the “wise and unwise.” Today, we might make a comparable distinction between those who have had the benefit of a secondary, collegiate, or post-graduate education and those who have not. The extent of one’s educational experience is not necessarily an indicator of one’s intelligence, but it does establish a dividing line between those who hold such qualifications and those who do not. That was likely the case with the “educated and uneducated” (NLT) referenced here.

For his part, Paul did not allow those social barriers to prevent him from communicating God’s Word to others. Indeed, when a fellow Apostle began to follow a similar exclusionary practice, Paul stepped in to correct the situation. Even in his relationships with those who who held important or influential positions, Paul practiced what he preached. Consider the following aside from Paul’s epistle to the churches of Galatia: “Those who were recognized as important people didn’t add a single thing to my message. (What sort of people they were makes no difference to me, since God doesn’t play favorites)” (Galatians 2:6 GW).

So whether he was speaking to the philosophical sophisticates of Athens (Acts 17:16-34), or writing to the church in a relatively insignificant city like Colossae, Paul spoke to all classes of people. Thus, he was “…ready and eager to preach the gospel also to you who are in Rome” (AMP).

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Romans – Chapter One XXVII

by Ed Urzi January 27, 2026

“Now I do not want you to be unaware, brethren, that I often planned to come to you (but was hindered until now), that I might have some fruit among you also, just as among the other Gentiles. I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to wise and to unwise” (Romans 1:13-14).

Much like Paul the Apostle’s standard introductory greeting of “grace and peace,” the phrase “I do not want you to be unaware” is one that occasionally reappears in Paul’s Biblical letters. In addition to what we read here in Romans 1:13, we can find similar references in Paul’s letters to the churches at Corinth and Thessalonica as a method of introducing a new and important subject.

The fact that Paul had often planned to visit Rome without success is one that should bring comfort when our own plans fail to come to fruition. For example, Paul’s experience tells us that it is not wrong to plan for the future. As we’re reminded in the Old Testament book of Proverbs, “Wise people think before they act; fools don’t–and even brag about their foolishness” (Proverbs 13:16 NLT).

Nevertheless, it’s possible to prayerfully establish a desired goal without success. In such instances, it requires faith to continue to trust in God when our plans result in less than we desire. While there may be some comfort in knowing that we share something in common with the great Apostle Paul when our plans fail to materialize, Paul also shows us the way to a proper response when our circumstances do not align with our desires.

The following commentary summarizes a key takeaway from this portion of Scripture…

“Paul does not demand that the Lord open up a way to come to Rome, and he even acknowledges in Romans 1:13 that providence has thus far hindered his journey. This is an excellent example of God-honoring prayer that is content with the will of our Creator but nevertheless keeps on asking, seeking, and knocking when one does not know what God’s will is. Paul wants to see the Romans, and he keeps praying to that end, all the while knowing that the Father may not grant that request.” (1)

Finally, this passage speaks of Paul’s sense of debt to those he encountered. We’ll examine these references to Greeks and barbarians in our next study, but for now, we can say that Paul felt an obligation to invest his God-given gifts in the lives of others. We can say the same regarding the talents, skills, blessings, and opportunities God has entrusted to us as well (see Matthew 25:14-30).

Image Attribution: Planning by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0 Alpha Stock Images

(1) Paul’s intent to visit Rome Ligonier Ministries. Published January 6, 2014. https://learn.ligonier.org/devotionals/pauls-intent-visit-rome

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Romans – Chapter One XXVI

by Ed Urzi January 26, 2026

“For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, so that you may be established–that is, that I may be encouraged together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me” (Romans 1:11-12).

This brief portion of Scripture offers some insight into the heart of Paul the Apostle and his relationship with the church at Rome. The word impart means “to give over” or “share.” Thus, it refers to the act of conveying or granting something. (1) This tells us that Paul focused his attention on what he could do for the church at Rome, and not solely on what they could do for him. The following source draws our attention to this aspect of Paul’s ministry with an astute observation…

“Paul was the greatest thinker the Early Church ever produced, and yet, when he thought of the people to whom he longed to preach, he thought of himself not only as giving to them but also as receiving from them. It takes humility to teach as it takes humility to learn.” (2)

This reference to a spiritual gift likely refers to an insight or blessing that Paul sought to share with the Roman fellowship. While “some” spiritual gift suggests that Paul may have been unaware of the gift he sought to impart, his desire to share it for the benefit of the church at Rome was certainly there. Since Paul understood the spiritual investment God makes in His people, he saw an obligation to share God’s investment in him with others.

Paul also saw a reciprocal benefit in that exchange: “…that we may be mutually strengthened and encouraged and comforted by each other’s faith, both yours and mine” (AMPC). That benefit underscores the importance of regular attendance at a local church fellowship. There, each member of the Christian community can minister to others, and others can minister to them for the mutual benefit of all. The New Testament book of Hebrews touches on this idea when it tells us, “Let us not give up meeting together, as some are in the habit of doing, but let us encourage one another-and all the more as you see the Day approaching” (Hebrews 10:25 NIV).

While today’s age of online access may encourage us to view church services remotely from home, we should note that this passage references “…the assembling of ourselves together” (KJV). In the original context of this verse, that directive refers to a physical assembly. Therefore, we should make a concerted effort to attend church in person whenever possible.

Image Attribution: Investment by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0 Alpha Stock Images

(1) G3330 – metadidomi – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g3330/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) Barclay, William. Romans 1 – Barclay’s Daily Study Bible – Bible Commentaries – StudyLight.org. (n.d.). StudyLight.org. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dsb/romans-1.html

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Romans – Chapter One XXV

by Ed Urzi January 23, 2026

“For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of His Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers, making request if, by some means, now at last I may find a way in the will of God to come to you” (Romans 1:9-10).

It seems interesting that the Apostle Paul called upon God to serve as a corroborating witness to his prayers for the congregation at Rome. Of course, the church at Rome wasn’t the only congregation Paul was praying for, as we learn in his epistles to the Ephesian (Ephesians 1:15-16), Philippian (Philippians 1:3-4), Colossian (Colossians 1:3-4), and Thessalonian (1Thessalonians 1:2-3) churches.

Even though Paul had many acquaintances who attended the church at Rome, it appears that few (if any) of them were aware of his prayers on their behalf. Paul’s quiet, prayerful dedication to their well-being thus serves as a model for us to emulate. It should also prompt us to consider the following counsel from Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount…

“Beware of practicing your righteousness before other people in order to be seen by them, for then you will have no reward from your Father who is in heaven… And when you pray, you must not be like the hypocrites. For they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and at the street corners, that they may be seen by others. Truly, I say to you, they have received their reward. But when you pray, go into your room and shut the door and pray to your Father who is in secret. And your Father who sees in secret will reward you” (Matthew 6:1, 5-6 ESV).

Paul will later go on to mention the obstacles that prevented him from fulfilling his desire to visit Rome in verse thirteen. But despite those setbacks, Paul never ceased in his heartfelt prayers for the members of that congregation. In taking this prayerful approach, Paul sought to align himself with God’s will in acting on his desire to meet the members of the Roman fellowship and enjoy their company. And while Paul did indeed make it to Rome, the circumstances of his arrival there were probably not what he expected at the time he authored this epistle.

Nevertheless, God used the opportunity of that delay to produce the Biblical masterpiece we know today Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Thus, as Paul will later write in a well-known and beloved portion of this letter, “And we know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose” (Romans 8:28).

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Romans – Chapter One XXIV

by Ed Urzi January 22, 2026

“First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world” (Romans 1:8).

As mentioned earlier, Romans 1:1-7 forms the longest introductory greeting among Paul the Apostle’s Biblical epistles. But now that those formalities are complete, our author is prepared to undertake his first order of business here in verse eight. This involved a warmer and more personal tone that began when Paul essentially said, “Let me start by telling you something.”

The Living Bible translation of this passage captures the exuberant spirit of that “something” in its paraphrase of this verse: “Let me say first of all that wherever I go I hear you being talked about! For your faith in God is becoming known around the world. How I thank God through Jesus Christ for this good report, and for each one of you.”

We can better understand Paul’s sense of enthusiasm when we remember that Rome was the capital city of an empire that dominated the known world of that era. To have such an excellent witness for Christ in the very heart of that empire was truly cause for rejoicing. This was especially true when we consider the fact that Paul interacted with other congregations (such as those in Corinth, Galatia, and Crete) who struggled with reputations that were less than stellar.

This passage also marks the first appearance of the most significant word in this epistle: faith. One Biblical scholar highlights the various applications of this word as it appears here in the Book of Romans. For example, the word “faith” is used in three distinct ways…

1. Verse 5. It is used of a body of truths or doctrines related to Jesus and the Christian life (cf. Acts 6:7; 13:8; 14:22; 16:5; Rom. 14:1; 16:26; Gal. 1:23; 6:10; Jude 3, 20).

2. Verse 8. It is used in the sense of personal trust in Jesus. The English terms “believe,” “faith,” and “trust” all translate one Greek term (pistis/pisteuo). The gospel is both conceptual (doctrine) and personal (cf. v.16; John 1:12; 3:16).

3. Verse 17. It is used in its OT sense of trustworthiness, loyalty, or dependability. This is the meaning of Hab. 2:4. In the OT there was not a developed doctrine of faith, but example after example of lives of faith (cf. Abraham in Gen. 15:6), not perfect faith but struggling faith (cf. Hebrews 11). The hope of mankind is not in their ability to perform or believe correctly, but in God’s character (cf. Rom. 3:24; 6:23; Eph. 2:8-9). Only God is faithful (cf. Deut. 7:9; Isa. 49:7; Mal. 3:6; 1 Cor. 1:9; 10:13)! (1)

Image Attribution: Photo by Dawn Hudson, CC0 Public Domain, via Public Domain Pictures.net

(1) Dr. Bob Utley. Free Bible Commentary, Copyright © 2014 Bible Lessons International. Romans 1. (n.d.). https://www.freebiblecommentary.org/new_testament_studies/VOL05/VOL05_01.html

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Romans – Chapter One XXIII

by Ed Urzi January 21, 2026

“To all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ” (Romans 1:7).

In speaking of those who are “…called to be saints,” Romans 1:7 employs a familiar term that is often poorly understood. For instance, some view the word “saint” as a designation that the church confers upon an exceptionally devout person. Others use this word to describe a resilient individual who perseveres through a host of adversities without complaint.

However, this word takes on a different meaning when it appears in a Biblical context. In the original language of this passage, the word translated “saint” refers to one who is “separated”, or “set apart.” Vine’s Expository Dictionary expands on this definition with the following insight: “In the plural, as used of believers, it designates all such and is not applied merely to persons of exceptional holiness, or to those who, having died, were characterized by exceptional acts of ‘saintliness.’”(1)

In light of this, we can say there is no scriptural basis to support the act of elevating an individual (or a select group of individuals) to the rank of sainthood. From a Biblical perspective, no human institution holds the ability to appoint someone to that position, for every man and woman in Christ is already acknowledged to be a saint. Thus, everyone who possesses genuine faith in Christ is declared to be set apart, and called to be saints.

This passage also features a greeting that serves as a recurring feature of Paul the Apostle’s New Testament letters: “Grace to you and peace…” We can find variations of that salutation in virtually all of Paul’s Biblical epistles…

“…Grace to you and peace” (1 Thessalonians 1:1).

“…Grace, mercy, and peace from God our Father and Jesus Christ our Lord” (1 Timothy 1:2).

“…Grace, mercy, and peace from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Savior” (Titus 1:4).

There are similar examples in 2 Corinthians 1:2, Galatians 1:3, Ephesians 1:2, Philippians 1:2, Colossians 1:2, Philemon 1:3, and 2 Timothy 1:2 as well. While there are some variations in these greetings, these references to grace and peace are consistent among them, and are always found in that specific order.

This makes good sense, for it is through Jesus’ sacrificial death that God graciously enables human beings to enter a relationship with Him. Thus, grace (the unmerited favor that God extends to us in Christ) leads to peace with our Creator and peace with others.

(1) Saint (-s) hagios (G40) Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words, © 1984, 1996, Thomas Nelson, Inc.

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Romans – Chapter One XXII

by Ed Urzi January 20, 2026

“Through Him we have received grace and apostleship for obedience to the faith among all nations for His name, among whom you also are the called of Jesus Christ” (Romans 1:5-6).

Romans 1:5 features a rather humble acknowledgment from the Apostle Paul. You see, Paul did not view his role as an apostle as one that would permit him to lord his authority over others. Instead, he received that authority to serve a higher purpose: to bring about the “obedience of faith” (CSB) among those who were also called of Jesus Christ.

This reference to the “obedience of faith” is an interesting turn of phrase. The first element is obedience, a word that refers to an act of compliance or submission. (1) The second is faith, or a conviction regarding the truth of something. (2) This word-picture implies that genuine faith should lead us to act in obedience to God and His Word. The New Testament epistle of 1 John builds upon this idea in practical terms…

“Whoever says ‘I know him’ but does not keep his commandments is a liar, and the truth is not in him, but whoever keeps his word, in him truly the love of God is perfected. By this we may know that we are in him: whoever says he abides in him ought to walk in the same way in which he walked” (1 John 2:4-6).

As Jesus also told His disciples, “If you love me, you will obey what I command” (John 14:15 NIV). The underlying principle is that those who adhere to Jesus’ commandments show their love for Him and demonstrate the reality of their faith.

Verse six then concludes with a reference to “Jesus Christ.” Although some mistakenly interpret “Jesus Christ” as a first and last name, it is not a name in the conventional sense. Let’s begin with “Jesus.” Jesus is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew name Joshua. “Joshua” means, “Yahweh (God’s covenant name) (3) saves” or, “The Lord is salvation.” In its basic form, the word “salvation” conveys the idea of “deliverance” and refers to God’s liberation of human beings from their state of separation from Him. So, Jesus’ name embodies the core message of deliverance or salvation from our state of separation from God.

Next is the word “Christ.” This word is derived from the Greek term “Christos” and refers to the Messiah or “Anointed One.” It served to identify the redeemer of the Jewish people, the One who would save them from their enemies. So, a more accurate view of this phrase would be to say that “Jesus” is a name, while “Christ” identifies His title or office.

(1) G5218 – hypakoe – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g5218/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) G4102 – pistis – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4102/kjv/tr/0-1/

(3) See Stewart, D. (2020, June 9). Why is God called Yahweh? Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/the-attributes-of-god-that-belong-to-him-alone/22-why-is-god-called-yahweh.cfm

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Romans – Chapter One XXI

by Ed Urzi January 19, 2026

“concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh and was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord” (Romans 1:3-4 ESV).

While Jesus’ ancestral relationship to Israel’s king David undoubtedly held great interest for the Jewish members of the church at Rome, those who hailed from other cultural backgrounds were another matter. Since non-Jewish readers might be less impressed with Jesus’ hereditary relationship to a long-deceased king of Israel, Paul the Apostle highlighted a historic event of broader significance: “…he was shown with great power to be the Son of God by being raised from death” (GNT).

One commentary illustrates the significance of these references to Jesus’ humanity and His resurrection…

“The expression according to the flesh implies that our Lord is more than a man. The words mean as to His humanity. If Christ were only a man, it would be unnecessary to single out this feature of His being, since there would be no other. But He is more than a man, as the next verse shows.” (1)

This brings us to several important truths regarding the person and work of Christ. Jesus is, and always has been, God’s divine Son. But God the Father “publicly identified” (CEB) His divinity through His resurrection from the dead. In other words, Jesus’ resurrection did not cause him to become the Son of God; instead, it served to confirm His deity.

These details are important, for Jesus “…was made of the seed of David” (KJV) in His human nature, but “…declared to be the Son of God” (ESV). Scholars refer to this concept as the hypostatic union, and it offers an easy way to express the Biblical teaching we find here in Romans 1:3-4: Jesus is one Person with two natures, one fully divine and one fully human. Those two natures are unified in one Person: Jesus, the God-man.

Another source offers a helpful synopsis of this important doctrine…

“A cardinal doctrine of the Christian faith is that in the one Person of Jesus Christ, through the incarnation two natures were united. One, the nature of perfect humanity, and the other the nature of deity (Hebrews 2:14-17;Galatians 4:4; Rom 1:3; Acts 2:29-30; John 7:42). This is known as the hypostatic union. When the eternal Word took a human nature at the incarnation (John 1:14) the Son took a real human nature including human flesh. The Son has existed from all eternity with the Father and the Holy Spirit (John 1:1; 8:58).” (2)

Therefore, the resurrection did not make Jesus the Son of God; it simply revealed who He really was. (3)

(1) William Macdonald, Believer’s Bible Commentary Edited by Arthur Farstad. Thomas Nelson Publishers (1 Corinthians 15:10) p.1666

(3) Watchman Fellowship Profile Notebook (2023) “The Church of God in Christ, Mennonite” https://www.watchman.org/

(3) See J. Vernon McGee, Thru The Bible with J. Vernon McGee, “Romans 1:1-7” Copyright 1981 by J. Vernon McGee

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Romans – Chapter One XX

by Ed Urzi January 16, 2026

“concerning His Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh, and declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead” (Romans 1:3-4).

To further support the fact that his gospel message originated in the prophetic books of the Old Testament Scriptures, Paul the Apostle continued with a reference to Jesus, “…who as to his human nature was a descendant of David” (NIV). This was an important point to establish with his Jewish audience, many of whom were familiar with the messianic prophecies that specified the Messiah’s descent through the lineage of Israel’s king David.

Nevertheless, this passage offers greater theological depth than its brevity might suggest. Several commentators can help us remain Biblically accurate when considering these important references to Christ. We can begin with this reference to “…Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh” (KJV)…

“‘Was made’ is Ginomai in a second aorist participle signifying entrance into a new condition. The verb means ‘to become.’ John uses it in his statement, ‘The Word became flesh’ (Joh 1:14), that is, entered into a new state or condition by assuming a human body and putting Himself under human limitations.” (1)

Next is a reference to the “Son of David,” a phrase that is repeatedly linked to Jesus in the New Testament Scriptures…

“This relates to the prophecy of 2 Samuel 7; 1 Chronicles 17. The Messiah was of the royal line of David (cf. Isa. 9:7; 11:1,10; Jer. 23:5; 30:9; 33:15) from the tribe of Judah (cf. Gen. 49:4-12; Isa. 65:9). In Matthew’s Gospel Jesus is acknowledged as David’s descendant several times (cf. Matt. 1:6; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30,31; 21:9,15; 22:42), which reflected the Jewish hope of a coming Davidic savior.” (2)

The phrase “according to the flesh” also speaks of Jesus’ genealogical descent from Israel’s king David…

“Matthew 1 gives the genealogical proof that Jesus, in His humanity, was a direct descendant of Abraham and David through Joseph, Jesus’ legal father. The genealogy in Luke 3 traces Jesus’ lineage through His mother, Mary. Jesus is a descendant of David by adoption through Joseph and by blood through Mary. ‘As to his earthly life [Christ Jesus] was a descendant of David’” (Romans 1:3).” (3)

Our final commentator ties these data points together…

“This Jesus had both a human origin (born of the seed of David according to the flesh), and an eternal existence (declared to be the Son of God). The evidence of Jesus’ humanity is His human birth; the evidence of His deity is His resurrection from the dead.” (4)

(1) Kenneth S. Wuest, Word Studies in the Greek New Testament (note on Romans 1:2-4) Copyright © 1942-55 by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

(2) Dr. Bob Utley. Free Bible Commentary, Copyright © 2014 Bible Lessons International. Romans 1. (n.d.). https://www.freebiblecommentary.org/new_testament_studies/VOL05/VOL05_01.html

(3) GotQuestions.org. (2025, May 5). GotQuestions.org. https://www.gotquestions.org/Jesus-son-of-David.html

(4) Guzik, David. Enduring Word. (2025, April 3). Enduring Word Bible Commentary Romans Chapter 1. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/romans-1/

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Romans – Chapter One XIX

by Ed Urzi January 15, 2026

After he embarked on his second missionary journey, Paul the Apostle took advantage of an opportunity to discuss the resurrection of Christ with the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers of his day. The Biblical book of Acts chronicles their response to Paul’s gospel message…

“When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, ‘What’s this babbler trying to say with these strange ideas he’s picked up?’ Others said, ‘He seems to be preaching about some foreign gods'” (Acts 17:18 NLT).

The allegation that Paul was someone who promoted a foreign (or perhaps imaginary) god was far from accurate. However, it’s possible that some members of the Roman congregation had been exposed to those accusations. So, to counter those charges, it appears that Paul launched something of a pre-emptive strike beginning in Romans 1:2. That portion of Scripture begins with an important declaration…

“which He promised before through His prophets in the Holy Scriptures” (Romans 1:2).

Paul will advance two lines of argument over the course of the next few verses. The first was primarily designed to benefit the Jewish members of his audience and others who were familiar with the Old Testament Scriptures. In making this claim here in verse two, Paul effectively communicated an important truth: “The message I proclaim is not something that sprang from my own intellect or imagination; it was promised in advance through the prophets in the Holy Scriptures.”

In other words, Paul did not advocate a “foreign god” or new religion. Instead, he proclaimed the same good news that was predicted by God’s prophets. Those Old Testament prophets foretold of a New Covenant and a Messiah whose sacrifice would bring hope and redemption. So in making this connection, Paul established a complimentary relationship between these Old and New Covenants.

While other religious traditions maintained their own collections of “sacred texts,” Paul had a precise definition in mind in referring to “the Holy Scriptures”…

“The New Testament uses the term Scripture in a technical sense. It occurs some fifty times, and in most cases it refers unmistakably to the Old Testament as a whole. To first century Christians, the word Scripture meant primarily the sacred canon of the Old Testament, which is called ‘sacred Scriptures’ (II Tim. 3:15…) or ‘holy scriptures’ (Rom. 1:2). These they acknowledged to be ‘inspired of God’ (II Tim. 3: 16…) and the rule for faith and practice (v. 17; cf. Rom. 15:4).” (1)

So, Paul made certain to establish an important foundation: the gospel he proclaimed did not originate with him, but proceeded from God. In making this reference to the prophets of the Old Testament,  Paul was diligent to root his message in the authority of God’s Word.

(1) Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1968). A General Introduction to the Bible. [pg. 74]

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Romans – Chapter One XVIII

by Ed Urzi January 14, 2026

“Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God–” (Romans 1:1 NIV).

So, Paul was called to be an apostle, but to what purpose? Well, that purpose is made clear in the verse quoted above where Paul tells us he was “set apart for the gospel of God.” This tells us that Paul was called to the apostolic mission of preaching the gospel (or “good news”) that…

  • Jesus’ death served as the payment for the penalty of sin.
  • By trusting in Him, we can be forgiven and inherit eternal life.

Of course, there are other “gospels” (spiritual and non-spiritual) that also purport to be good news but are actually something else. For example, some “gospels” emphasize good works, moral living, or strict allegiance to a set of religious principles as the path to favor with God. Then there are secular “gospels” that promote the superficial allure of social popularity or wealth accumulation as the keys to happiness and satisfaction in life.

But those “gospels” are not the “gospel of God” Paul references here in Romans 1:1. Unfortunately, the same may often be said of sermons that routinely focus on something other than a study of God’s Word. One pastoral commentator takes the opportunity of this passage to offer a timely reminder…

“If you can take Jesus Christ out of a sermon without affecting it, you’re probably wasting your time listening to it. If you can take Jesus Christ out of a book without affecting it, you’re probably wasting your time reading it. Paul wasn’t separated unto the good advice of Christian living. He was separated to the Good News of God.” (1)

We can often identify the presence of such teaching with the following question: “How much Scripture does this person use in his or her book, message, or sermon?” Spiritual presentations that routinely feature little or no Biblical text should thus serve as warnings. The insight offered by another source is one that bears repeating in this regard…

“…There are various ways to use the word of God deceitfully, or to tamper with it. Using a Bible text to preach a ‘sermon’ that has little or nothing to do with the Bible is one of the common ways of doing it.” (2)

Thus, as we close our look at the opening verse of Romans chapter one, our final commentator summarizes Paul’s introduction in verse one: “The author introduces himself in the first verses of Romans by name (Paul), by identity (bondservant), by vocation (apostle), and by purpose (separated to the gospel of God). (3)

Image Attribution :Gospel Messenger, The (1884), Internet Archive Book Images, Public Domain via flickr.com

(1) Jon Courson, Jon Courson’s Application Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2003), 866.

(2) Paul T. Butler. The Bible Study Textbook Series, Studies In Second Corinthians (College Press) [p. 93] Copyright © 1988 College Press Publishing Company https://archive.org/stream/BibleStudyTextbookSeriesSecondCorinthians/132Corinthians-Butler_djvu.txt

(3) Earl D. Radmacher, Ronald Barclay Allen, and H. Wayne House, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Commentary (Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1999), 1421.

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Romans – Chapter One XVII

by Ed Urzi January 13, 2026

“From Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God” (Romans 1:1 NET).

We should note the sequence here in Paul the Apostle’s introductory message to the church at Rome. Notice that Paul first identified himself as a slave of Christ, and then as an apostle. So even though Paul was called to an apostolic leadership position, that call was rooted in his servant relationship to Christ.

We can clarify this idea of a “calling” with a look at the following excerpt from the Gospel of Mark…

“And [Jesus] went up on the mountain and called to Him those He Himself wanted. And they came to Him. Then He appointed twelve, that they might be with Him and that He might send them out to preach” (Mark 3:13-14).

This initial reference to Jesus’ “calling” involved a summons or invitation. (1) That was followed by an appointment, or the act of making or doing something. (2) While there is some overlap in these definitions, they convey the general idea of a “call to the performance of a thing.” (3)

So Paul clearly viewed his ministry as a divine invitation or appointment. (4) In a similar manner, we can often discern God’s call on our lives by conducting a prayerful assessment of the gifts, talents, skills, abilities, interests, desires, blessings, and opportunities He has given us. One commentator offers several insights from this passage as we consider God’s call to our own life’s work…

“Paul never thought of himself as a man who had aspired to an honour; he thought of himself as a man who had been given a task. Jesus said to his men, ‘You did not choose me, but I chose you’ (Joh_15:16). Paul did not think of life in terms of what he wanted to do, but in terms of what God meant him to do… Paul knew himself to be chosen not for special honour, but for special responsibility.” (4)

That brings us to Paul’s self-identification as an apostle. In a Biblical context, the word “apostle” identifies someone who fulfills the role of a commissioned representative. much like an ambassador or spokesperson. Thus, we can say that an apostle is someone who has been entrusted with the power and authority to act as a representative of Christ.

However, the Biblical apostles (like Paul) held several important qualifications that set them apart from anyone who claims the role of a modern-day apostle. For example…

  • They were first-century eyewitnesses of Jesus following His resurrection (John 20:26-28, 1 Corinthians 9:1).
  • They were personally selected by Jesus to serve as apostles (Matthew 10:1-4, Acts 9:10-16).
  • They possessed the God-given ability to perform miracles (Acts 2:43, Acts 19:11-12).

While the ministry of an apostle no longer exists in a Biblical sense, we can still fulfill this important role as “ambassadors for Christ” as we represent Him to others.

(1) G4341 proskaleo. (n.d.). billmounce.com. https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/proskaleo

(2) G4160 – poieo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4160/kjv/tr/0-1/

(3) G2822 – kletos – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g2822/kjv/tr/0-1/

(4) Barclay, William. “Commentary on Romans 1”. “William Barclay’s Daily Study Bible”. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dsb/romans-1.html. 1956-1959.

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Romans – Chapter One XVI

by Ed Urzi January 12, 2026

“Paul, a bond-servant of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle (special messenger, personally chosen representative), set apart for [preaching] the gospel of God [the good news of salvation]” (Romans 1:1 AMP).

The Biblical book of Acts tells us that God enabled Paul the Apostle to perform miracles that were so astounding that some began to revere him as a god (see Acts 14:8-15). But Paul preemptively dismissed that notion for the benefit of his Roman audience by identifying himself as a “bond-servant of Christ.”

In the original language of the passage, the word “bondservant” is a direct translation of the word “doulos.” (1) That term denotes someone who willingly relinquishes his or her rights, privileges, and entitlements in service to another. While ordinary servants might welcome an opportunity to gain their freedom, a bondservant is someone who willingly accepts that position. One Biblical scholar expands on these definitions with the following insights…

“The Greek word doulos, which is the word servant in the KJV, is more accurately translated by the word slave. In the ancient world a servant was a hired employee who could come and go and even resign if he wanted. But a doulos was owned by a kyrios, a master or lord. He was the purchased property of the slave owner.

This imagery is frequently used in the New Testament to reflect the relationship between Christ and his people. We belong to Christ—our kyrios, our Lord and Master. He has the right of an owner to impose obligation on us. Because Paul so clearly understood that believers have been purchased by the blood of Jesus Christ, he called himself a doulos, or slave, of Jesus Christ.” (2)

Paul was one of several New Testament leaders to adopt this title, a list that included Peter (2 Peter 1:1), Epaphras (Colossians 4:12), James (James 1:1), and Jude (Jude 1:1). But even more significant is the fact that Jesus leads by example in this area…

“Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus, who, being in the form of God, did not consider it robbery to be equal with God, but made Himself of no reputation, taking the form of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of men. And being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross” (Philippians 2:5-8).

With this in mind, the following portion of Jesus’ message to His disciples at the last supper adds an important layer of understanding to our text from Romans 1:1…

“For I have given you an example, that you should do as I have done to you. Most assuredly, I say to you, a servant is not greater than his master; nor is he who is sent greater than he who sent him. If you know these things, blessed are you if you do them” (John 13:12-17).

(1) G1401 doulos https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g1401/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) Sproul, R. C. (1992). Before the face of God: Book 1: A daily guide for living from the book of Romans (electronic ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House; Ligonier Ministries.

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Romans – Chapter One XV

by Ed Urzi January 9, 2026

“Romans serves as the flagship of the fleet of Pauline letters within the New Testament.” (1)

The first chapter of the Book of Romans introduces us to the central theme of this great Biblical book. That theme involves God’s righteousness and humanity’s relation to it. Romans chapter one will also explore the nature of humanity’s rebellion against God, along with the destructive consequences associated with that rebellion. But before we delve into those topics, let’s begin with first things first.

When traveling outside our home country, it’s important to carry a valid passport or similar form of identification. A passport serves to validate our identity and authenticate the person we claim to be. Without those credentials, our capacity to travel abroad would be greatly limited. In keeping with this idea, Paul the Apostle will lay out his “credentials” here in the opening verses of Romans, chapter one.

Those credentials help form Paul’s statement of faith and establish his authority to speak about Jesus’ life and ministry…

“Paul, a bondservant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated to the gospel of God” (Romans 1:1).

This opening salutation will continue through verse seven and forms the longest introductory greeting in any of Paul’s New Testament epistles. However, the first verse of this letter offers a remarkably concise description of who Paul is and what he does. We’ll explore these aspects of Paul’s identity at greater length over the next few studies.

It’s also interesting to note that Paul’s name constitutes the very first word of this epistle. Today, we typically sign our names or identify ourselves at the end of a handwritten message. But in the first century, it was customary to begin a piece of correspondence with the name of the author, the recipient’s name, and a greeting. In accordance with that first-century custom, Paul identified himself as the author of this epistle right at the beginning of his opening sentence.

However, there was a practical reason for ancient writers to “sign” their names at the beginning of their correspondence…

“All letters and other written communications, in New Testament times, were written upon parchments and conveyed to their recipients in rolled-up form; and that ancient style of letter required, as a practical consideration, that the signature of the writer be at the beginning. Otherwise, it would have been necessary to unroll the entire scroll to find the name of the sender. Therefore, Paul followed the custom of the times in placing his name along with the salutation in the beginning of the epistle.” (2)

(1) Earl D. Radmacher, Ronald Barclay Allen, and H. Wayne House, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Commentary (Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1999), 1420.

(2) Coffman, James Burton. “Commentary on Romans 1”. “Coffman’s Commentaries on the Bible”. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/bcc/romans-1.html. Abilene Christian University Press, Abilene, Texas, USA. 1983-1999.

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Romans – Chapter One XIV

by Ed Urzi January 8, 2026

Although it appears that the Apostle Paul (along with the Apostle Peter) were both martyred in Rome, it seems unlikely that either of those great Apostles founded the the church there. The church at Rome likely began when those who were present for the events that occurred in Acts chapter two and made their way back to the capital city. Others may have sought refuge from persecution (Acts 8:1-4), Once in Rome, their paths converged with those who had heard and believed the gospel and the nascent church was born.

With such a patchwork of cultures and personalities coexisting together, Paul was uniquely qualified to help the Roman congregation grow into spiritual maturity. Consider how Paul was God’s “man for the job” with respect to the church at Rome…

  • First, Paul was an academic scholar who taught with the authority of an apostle.
  • However, Paul also had to labor to support himself on occasion. Thus, he was familiar with the struggles and challenges of working life.
  • Paul had command of multiple languages, a great advantage when communicating with multilingual audiences.
  • He also possessed an exhaustive knowledge of Judaism and its related traditions. In fact, the Book of Romans contains dozens of quotations from the Old Testament Scriptures.
  • Nevertheless, Paul did not live a religiously sheltered life, for he was deeply familiar with Greek and Roman culture.
  • By his own admission, Paul was a poor orator, but he spoke from the perspective of a knowledgeable and experienced world traveler.

Thus, Paul was well-qualified to speak with with the members of this culturally diverse fellowship. However, the Book of Romans also reveals that Paul had a few agenda items of his own with respect to these believers…

  • He sought to establish a mutually edifying and encouraging relationship with them (1:12).
  • He was eager for an opportunity to communicate the Gospel in that busy metropolitan area (1:15).
  • Finally, he hoped to secure the church’s support for a potential missionary journey into Spain- but not until he had an opportunity to enjoy their company for a while (15:28).

The following commentator will close our introduction to this great Biblical book with the following summary…

“Romans embodies the most complete exposition of Christian doctrine in the Bible. Most of Paul’s other epistles were written either to churches in which Paul had a direct interest as founder or to individuals whom he knew personally. His church epistles were usually written to deal with specific needs in the particular churches, but this was not true of Romans.

Furthermore, Rome was the greatest city in the world, so the Roman Gentile Christians had unique opportunities of witness and ministry. Accordingly, Paul used his letter to Rome, probably written while in Corinth on his third missionary journey (16:23; Ac 20:3), to compose a logical and extensive exposition and defense of Christianity.” (1)

(1) Institute for Creation Research, New Defender’s Study Bible Notes [Romans 1:1] https://www.icr.org/bible/Rom/1/1/ Accessed 10 July, 2025

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Romans – Chapter One XIII

by Ed Urzi January 7, 2026

In addition to serving as an introductory letter, the Epistle to the Romans offered a further benefit to the church at Rome. Much like a water well fed by a deep artesian spring, this letter offered a wellspring of spiritual insight that one could draw upon repeatedly. Since there were likely to be some who held rudimentary, questionable, or fragmented views of Christianity, this letter offered an opportunity to correct any potential misunderstandings. The same is true today.

This may explain some of the lengthy doctrinal discussions that appear in the midst of this epistle. In contrast to some other New Testament churches where Paul the Apostle had an opportunity to develop a strong spiritual foundation, things were a little different in Rome. From a human perspective, Paul had no way of knowing what spiritual views he might encounter on a visit to Rome. This letter would thus provide an opportunity to establish a good spiritual baseline.

Furthermore, there are some clues to suggest that Paul wanted to dispel certain misconceptions concerning his life and ministry. For instance, there is the following exchange in Romans 3:8…

“And some people even slander us by claiming that we say, ‘The more we sin, the better it is!’ Those who say such things deserve to be condemned” (NLT).

Then there is a hypothetical argument that appears in Romans 9:19. The genesis of that argument is almost certainly traceable back to some of Paul’s earlier discussions with those he met during his missionary journeys…

“Of course I can almost hear your retort: ‘If this is so, and God’s will is irresistible, why does God blame men for what they do?’ But the question really is this: ‘Who are you, a man, to make any such reply to God?’ When a craftsman makes anything he doesn’t expect it to turn round and say, ‘Why did you make me like this?’” (Phillips).

As the Biblical book of Proverbs reminds us, “Any story sounds true until someone tells the other side and sets the record straight” (Proverbs 18:17 TLB). To some extent, Paul’s epistle to the Romans may represent his attempt to “set the record straight” with respect to his teachings. One commentary puts the importance of these things into perspective for the first century church at Rome…

“The Roman church had no New Testament because the Gospels were not yet being circulated in their final written form. Thus, this letter may well have been the first piece of Christian literature the Roman believers had seen. Written to both Jewish and Gentile Christians, the letter to the Romans is a systematic presentation of the Christian faith.” (1)

(1) Life Application Study Bible [Romans 1:1] Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2004 by Tyndale House Publishers Inc., all rights reserved.

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Romans – Chapter One XII

by Ed Urzi January 6, 2026

As the capital of the Roman Empire, the city of Rome held a position of preeminence in the first-century world. From its central location in western Italy, Rome governed large portions of Europe, the near east, and north Africa during the New Testament era.

The following commentary offers an overview of Rome at the time of Paul the Apostle’s letter to the church there…

“Rome was the capital and most important city of the Roman Empire. It was founded in 753 B.C., but is not mentioned in Scripture until NT times. Rome is located along the banks of the Tiber River, about 15 miles from the Mediterranean Sea. Until an artificial harbor was built at nearby Ostia, Rome’s main harbor was Puteoli, some 150 miles away…

In Paul’s day, the city had a population of over one million people, many of whom were slaves. Rome boasted magnificent buildings, such as the Emperor’s palace, the Circus Maximus, and the Forum, but its beauty was marred by the slums in which so many lived.” (1)

Much like the city of Corinth (though vastly larger), the city of Rome was a study in contrasts. On one hand, the city was cultured, artistic, and sophisticated. However, it was deeply immoral, idolatrous, and depraved in many respects.

That brings us to this letter itself. Since there were no postal services available within the Roman Empire, all forms of correspondence had to be carried by hand for delivery to their intended destination. In this instance, Romans 16:1-2 suggests that Paul the Apostle’s designated letter carrier was a woman named Phoebe. That portion of Scripture tells us that Phoebe attended church in the Corinthian seaport village of Cenchrea, and further suggests that the Epistle to the Romans may have originated in Corinth.

In part, this lengthy epistle served as Paul’s introduction to the Roman church, especially for those who were relatively unfamiliar with his life, ministry, and doctrine. And as we’ll see later in chapter one, Paul affirmed his desire to follow this letter with a personal visit. In fact, he acknowledged that he would have visited them sooner if circumstances had not prevented him from doing so.

Finally, Paul encouraged his audience by reminding them of his continued prayers for them (1:9) and provided his readers with a glimpse of his future travel plans: “So, to the fullest extent of my ability, I am ready to come also to you in Rome to preach God’s Good News” (Romans 1:15 TLB).

Image Attribution : “Ancient Rome sure looked like the National Mall” by Don Sniegowski, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

(1) John F. MacArthur Jr., The MacArthur Study Bible: New American Standard Bible. (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2006).

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Romans – Chapter One XI

by Ed Urzi January 5, 2026

Introduction to the Book of Romans

The opening verse of the Biblical book of Romans identifies Paul the Apostle as the author of this letter, while the final chapter tells us that a secretary named Tertius held the important responsibility of transcribing this message on his behalf. As we might expect, this epistle derives its name from Paul’s intended audience: the assembly of believers who gathered in Rome, the capital of the Roman Empire.

Although the book of Romans appears first among the New Testament epistles, there are other Biblical epistles that likely predate it. Nevertheless, the length and theological content of Paul’s Epistle to the Romans helps account for its prominent position within the New Testament canon.

Most commentators believe Paul authored the book of Romans while he was temporarily residing in the city of Corinth. Corinth was situated on a land area between the Aegean and Ionian seas, a location was that very attractive to seafaring travelers who were moving between the eastern and western portions of the Roman Empire. Since Corinth’s harbor narrowed to a strip of land that was only about four miles (6.5km) wide at one point, travelers and merchants found it relatively easy to cross that distance on foot and continue their ocean voyage on the other side.

This meant that Corinth served as a busy metropolitan area in the days of the first century. Thus, it should not surprise us to learn that Paul spent over eighteen months there at one point. In fact, a few of Paul’s associates from that period of his ministry also appear in the Book of Romans. (1) This further supports the theory that Paul wrote the Epistle to the Romans while he was in Corinth.

One commentator ties this timeline together…

“The life and ministry of Paul (also known as Saul of Tarsus) is well documented in Acts chapters 8 through 28, as well as Galatians 1 and 2, and 2 Corinthians 11 and 12. It is almost universally agreed that Paul wrote Romans from the city of Corinth as he wintered there on his third missionary journey as described in Acts 20:2-3 (based on Romans 16:1, 23 and 1 Corinthians 1:14).

A variety of commentators pick dates with confidence anywhere from 53 to 58. By the time Paul wrote Romans, he had been a Christian preacher for some 20 years. In Corinth, on his way to Jerusalem, he had three months without any pressing duties. He may have thought this was a good time to write ahead to Rome, a church he was planning to visit after Jerusalem.” (2)

(1) Compare Acts 20:4 and Romans 16:21–23

(2) Enduring Word. (2025, April 3). Enduring Word Bible Commentary Romans Chapter 1. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/romans-1/

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Romans – Chapter One X

by Ed Urzi January 2, 2026

In the aftermath of any incident involving a large aircraft, a critical first step for investigators is to recover the flight data recorder, or “black box.” That device typically captures recordings of cockpit conversations, flight information, and environmental conditions that provide valuable insight into that aircraft’s journey. In a similar manner, the final chapter of the Biblical book of 2 Timothy serves as a kind of “black box” that offers insight into Paul the Apostle’s mindset as he neared the end of his earthly life.

Originally written around A.D. 64-66, there are a few verses from the book of 2 Timothy that clearly allude to Paul’s impending death…

“For I am already being poured out as a drink offering, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith” (2 Timothy 4:6-7).

Sensing that his time may be short, he then added the following…

“Be diligent to come to me quickly… Do your utmost to come before winter” (2 Timothy 4:9, 20).

While we can’t say with certainty that Timothy made contact with Paul prior to his death, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs records the traditional belief concerning the end of Paul’s life…

“Paul, the Apostle, who was before called Saul, after his great travail and unspeakable labours in promoting the Gospel of Christ, suffered also in this persecution under Nero… the soldiers came and led him out of the city to the place of execution, where he, after his prayers were made, gave his neck to the sword.” (1)

Another reference to Paul’s death appears in an early, extra-Biblical document known as 1 Clement. That first-century epistle says in part…

“Owing to envy, Paul also obtained the reward of patient endurance, after being seven times thrown into captivity, compelled to flee, and stoned. After preaching both in the east and west, he gained the illustrious reputation due to his faith, having taught righteousness to the whole world, and come to the extreme limit of the west, and suffered martyrdom under the prefects. Thus was he removed from the world, and went into the holy place, having proved himself a striking example of patience.” (1)

This biographical information concerning the life and death of Paul the Apostle sets the stage for our entry into the Biblical book of Romans. We’ll continue with an overview of the church at Rome and the structure of this epistle starting next.

Image Attribution: André Gustavo Stumpf from Brasília, Brasil, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) John Foxe, Foxe’s Book Of Martyrs [pg. 13] © 1981 by Whitaker House https://archive.org/details/foxesbookofmarty00foxe_1/page/12/mode/2up

(2) First Clement: Clement of Rome. (n.d.) [5.5-5.6] . https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-roberts.html

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Interlude For New Years Day

by Ed Urzi January 1, 2026

“…I am still not all I should be, but I am bringing all my energies to bear on this one thing: Forgetting the past and looking forward to what lies ahead, I strain to reach the end of the race and receive the prize for which God is calling us up to heaven because of what Christ Jesus did for us” (Philippians 3:13-14 TLB).

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Romans – Chapter One IX

by Ed Urzi December 31, 2025

When faced with the need to deflect responsibility for the devastation caused by the Great Fire of Rome, the Roman Emperor Nero delivered a calculated and politically expedient response. He chose to target a segment of the Roman population that was virtually defenseless and ill-equipped to fight against a false accusation of arson. That group was the first-century Christian community.

The raging fire caused extensive damage, immense pain, and utter destruction, thus demanding a proportional response against those who were deemed responsible. That led to what has come to be known as the “Neronian Persecutions,” the first large-scale governmental action ever taken against the church. The ancient Roman historian Tacitus described the horrific consequences of that decision from the position of a secular observer…

“To suppress this rumour, Nero fabricated scapegoats – and punished with every refinement the notoriously depraved Christians (as they were popularly called). Their originator, Christ, had been executed in Tiberius’ reign by the governor of Judaea, Pontius Pilatus. But in spite of this temporary setback the deadly superstition had broken out afresh, not only in Judaea (where the mischief had started) but even in Rome…

First, Nero had self-acknowledged Christians arrested. Then, on their information, large numbers of others were condemned – not so much for incendiarism as for their anti-social tendencies. Their deaths were made farcical. Dressed in wild animals’ skins, they were torn to pieces by dogs, or crucified, or made into torches to be ignited after dark as substitutes for daylight. Nero provided his Gardens for the spectacle, and exhibited displays in the Circus, at which he mingled with the crowd – or stood in a chariot, dressed as a charioteer.

Despite their guilt as Christians, and the ruthless punishment it deserved, the victims were pitied. For it was felt that they were being sacrificed to one man’s brutality rather than to the national interest.” (1)

As we might expect, the impact of this action upon the Christian community was catastrophic. It is impossible to number those who were murdered in the Neronian persecutions, except to say that untold multitudes perished during that period.

Tradition holds that Peter the Apostle was also executed during that era. The customary belief regarding Peter’s death states that he was crucified upside down at his own request. His rationale for that request stemmed from an attitude of deep humility, for he is said to have proclaimed, “I am not worthy to be crucified after the same form and manner as the Lord.“

But what became of Paul the Apostle? We’ll seek to answer that question next.

Image Attribution: Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Christian Martyrs’ Last Prayer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Grant, Michael (translator), Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, (1989)

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Romans – Chapter One VIII

by Ed Urzi December 30, 2025

On (or about) the night of July 19th, A.D. 64, a devastating fire broke out in the ancient city of Rome. A Roman historian and political figure of that era named Cornelius Tacitus chronicled the devastating impact of that fire…

“…Now started the most terrible and destructive fire which Rome had ever experienced. It began in the Circus, where it adjoins the Palatine and Caelian hills. Breaking out in shops selling inflammable goods, and fanned by the wind, the conflagration instantly grew and swept the whole length of the Circus. There were no walled mansions or temples, or any other obstructions, which could arrest it. First, the fire swept violently over the level spaces. Then it climbed the hills – but returned to ravage the lower ground again. It outstripped every counter-measure. The ancient city’s narrow winding streets and irregular blocks encouraged its progress.

Terrified, shrieking women, helpless old and young, people intent on their own safety, people unselfishly supporting invalids or waiting for them, fugitives and lingerers alike – all heightened the confusion. When people looked back, menacing flames sprang up before them or outflanked them. When they escaped to a neighboring quarter, the fire followed – even districts believed remote proved to be involved. Finally, with no idea where or what to flee, they crowded on to the country roads, or lay in the fields…

(The Roman Emperor) Nero was at Antium. He returned to the city only when the fire was approaching the mansion he had built to link the Gardens of Maecenas to the Palatine. The flames could not be prevented from overwhelming the whole of the Palatine, including his palace…

By the sixth day enormous demolitions had confronted the raging flames with bare ground and open sky, and the fire was finally stamped out at the foot of the Esquiline Hill. But before panic had subsided, or hope revived, flames broke out again in the more open regions of the city. Here there were fewer casualties; but the destruction of temples and pleasure arcades was even worse…

Of Rome’s fourteen districts only four remained intact. Three were leveled to the ground. The other seven were reduced to a few scorched and mangled ruins. To count the mansions, blocks, and temples destroyed would be difficult.” (1)

Although the cause of the fire was undetermined, speculation arose that Nero had been involved as part of a misguided attempt to facilitate a large-scale building project. That led to a disastrous turn of events…

“…the rumours that Nero was responsible raged among the distressed population. He had never been so unpopular… It had therefore become imperative to divert the charge to some other person or group. The victims the government chose for this role were the Christians…” (2)

We’ll continue with a look at the historical impact of that decision next.

Image Attribution: Hubert Robert, Incendie à Rome, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Grant, Michael (translator), Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, (1989)

(2) Grant, M. (1970). Nero, Emperor in revolt. p. 154

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Romans – Chapter One VII

by Ed Urzi December 29, 2025

Following Paul’s return from his third missionary journey, he was taken into custody by the Jewish authorities. That led to a trial before the Sanhedrin, the supreme judicial authority within the Jewish legal system of that era. Paul then faced additional legal proceedings under two successive Roman governors. His case dragged on for over two years until he finally invoked his right as a Roman citizen and appealed his case to Caesar, the Roman Emperor. The governor who presided over his hearing subsequently replied, “‘Very well! You have appealed to Caesar, and to Caesar you shall go!'” (Acts 25:12 TLB).

So Paul was dispatched to Rome to appeal his case before the Emperor, a journey that marked Paul’s fourth and final missionary endeavor. That began a lengthy odyssey that spanned thousands of travel miles and featured a harrowing shipwreck off the coast of the island of Malta. However, our last glimpse of Paul in the book of Acts finds him residing as a tenant in a rental home and preaching openly in Rome…

“Then Paul dwelt two whole years in his own rented house, and received all who came to him, preaching the kingdom of God and teaching the things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ with all confidence, no one forbidding him” (Acts 28:30-31).

Noticeably absent from that account is any mention of a trial before Caesar. But even though that narrative represents the end of the book of Acts, it does not represent the end of Paul’s story. You see, Paul was about to enter a period of intense persecution that was far harsher than any he had previously known.

When Paul exercised his right of appeal before Caesar, his case was remanded to the Emperor Nero who ruled from A.D. 54 – A.D. 68. The ancient church historian Eusebius offered the following assessment of Nero…

“To describe the greatness of his depravity does not lie within the plan of the present work.. after he had accomplished the destruction of so many myriads without any reason, he ran into such blood-guiltiness that he did not spare even his nearest relatives and dearest friends, but destroyed his mother and his brothers and his wife, with very many others of his own family as he would private and public enemies, with various kinds of deaths.” (1)

Foxe’s Book of Martyrs adds…

“So prodigious a monster of nature of was he (more like a beast, yea, rather a devil than a man) that he seemed to be born to the destruction of man.” (2)

Nero, of course, is widely known for initiating the wave of Roman persecution against the early church that began in A.D. 64. The event that triggered that response is known to history as the Great Fire of Rome. We’ll take a closer look at that tragic event (and the horrors that followed) beginning next.

(1) Philip Schaff: NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine – Christian Classics Ethereal Library. (n.d.). https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vii.xxvi.html

(2) John Foxe, Foxe’s Book Of Martyrs [pg. 5] © 1981 by Whitaker House https://archive.org/details/foxesbookofmarty00foxe_1/mode/2up

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Romans – Chapter One VI

by Ed Urzi December 26, 2025

Paul’s post-conversion ministry and missionary travels.

As mentioned earlier, the New Testament book of Galatians tell us that Paul first preached his new-found faith in Arabia, the large peninsula between the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Having preached there, he subsequently made his way back to Damascus. After three years in Damascus, he traveled to the city of Jerusalem, and then returned to his hometown of Tarsus.

There, he was met by a man named Barnabas who enlisted Paul’s help in ministering to the growing church at Antioch. After a trip back to Judea to aid in famine relief, the Spirit of God directed Paul to an itinerant preaching and teaching ministry. From A.D. 46 to A.D. 62, Paul was almost continually on the road, traveling by boat and by foot, preaching the gospel and establishing churches. Paul made four major missionary journeys during this period that are chronicled in the Biblical book of Acts.

While all that travel and activity might sound exciting, the reality was far less glamorous than it might seem. In addressing his concerns regarding the false apostles who had worked their way into the Corinthian church, Paul offered the following insight into his life as an ambassador of Christ…

“Are they ministers of Christ?–I speak as a fool–I am more: in labors more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more frequently, in deaths often.

From the Jews five times I received forty stripes minus one. Three times I was beaten with rods; once I was stoned; three times I was shipwrecked; a night and a day I have been in the deep; in journeys often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils of my own countrymen, in perils of the Gentiles, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren; in weariness and toil, in sleeplessness often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness–besides the other things, what comes upon me daily: my deep concern for all the churches.

Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who is made to stumble, and I do not burn with indignation? If I must boast, I will boast in the things which concern my infirmity” (2 Corinthians 11:23-30 NLT).

With these things in mind, Paul’s request of the Galatian churches takes on added significance…

“From now on let no one trouble me, for I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus” (Galatians 6:17).

Image Attribution: Raphael, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

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Interlude For Christmas Day

by Ed Urzi December 25, 2025

“Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way.

When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit. And her husband Joseph, being a just man and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved to divorce her quietly.

But as he considered these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, ‘Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary as your wife, for that which is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.’

All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had spoken by the prophet: ‘Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel’ (which means, God with us).

When Joseph woke from sleep, he did as the angel of the Lord commanded him: he took his wife, but knew her not until she had given birth to a son. And he called his name Jesus” (Matthew 1:18-25 ESV).

Merry Christmas!

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The Christmas Story – Part 7

by Ed Urzi December 24, 2025

So the Magi traveled to Jerusalem to ask, “Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him” (Matthew 2:2 NIV). Now the Magi may have assumed that the political and religious leadership of Jerusalem would have been pleased with the birth of their Messiah- but we’ll find out shortly that this was not the case.

But first, Matthew 2:3 tells us that a political leader named Herod was disturbed when he received the news about Jesus’ birth from the Magi. This unusual reaction is easier to understand if we take some time to get to know Herod and who he was.

The “Herod” mentioned in this passage is historically known to us as Herod the Great. The first thing Herod did upon his ascension to this position was to exterminate his leading opponent and forty-five of his opponents’ supporters. To ensure his continued rule, Herod also arranged to have every legal heir to his throne put to death as well.

Herod had at least nine or ten wives and eventually became suspicious that his favorite wife was plotting against him. So he put her to death too. Then he killed her mother. Later, he had both of his sons by her executed as well. Herod killed so many people who were close to him that it was half-jokingly remarked that it was safer to be Herod’s pig than  Herod’s son.

So it was Herod’s practice to eliminate anyone who might be a potential threat. This may account for the fact that all Jerusalem was troubled by the arrival of the Magi as well (Matthew 2:3). Perhaps the people of Jerusalem were fearful of what might transpire once Herod learned that the real “King Of The Jews” had been born.

“When he had called together all the people’s chief priests and teachers of the law, he asked them where the Christ was to be born. ‘In Bethlehem in Judea,’ they replied, ‘for this is what the prophet has written: “‘But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for out of you will come a ruler who will be the shepherd of my people Israel'” (Matthew 2:4-6 NIV).

It’s interesting to note that these priests and the teachers had the right information about the Messiah- they even quoted directly from the Old Testament prophecy concerning Him as found in Micah 5:2. But even though these men had the right information, they didn’t seem very interested in finding out about the Savior for themselves.

“Then Herod called the Magi secretly and found out from them the exact time the star had appeared. He sent them to Bethlehem and said, ‘Go and make a careful search for the child. As soon as you find him, report to me, so that I too may go and worship him'” (Matthew 2:7-8 NIV).

Herod predictably tried to use the Magi to find this newborn king- not to worship Him but to attempt an assassination. We’ll find out later that Herod eventually issued a command to kill every boy aged two or younger in an attempt to ensure that Jesus was eliminated (see Matthew 2:16).

“After they had heard the king, they went on their way, and the star they had seen in the east went ahead of them until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw the star, they were overjoyed. On coming to the house, they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshiped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold and of incense and of myrrh” (Matthew 2:9-11 NIV).

So the Magi finally had an opportunity to meet the King they had been seeking. If we look closely at the gifts of the Magi mentioned above, we’ll find that each carried its own special meaning. For instance, gold was the first gift presented to Jesus by these men. Since gold is associated with royalty, it makes a suitable gift for the King of the Jews.

The next gift was frankincense, an aromatic resin. Frankincense is mentioned nine times in the first five books of the Bible and it was primarily associated with the Old Testament sacrificial offerings (see Leviticus 2:1-2, Leviticus 6:15, and Leviticus 24:5-9 for some examples). In light of this, we can say that this gift represented Jesus’ role as priest, the one who represents us before God (see Hebrews chapters 2-9).

Finally, we have the gift of myrrh. Myrrh was widely used as a perfume, but John 19:39 tells us that it was one of the ingredients that was used to prepare Jesus’ body for burial following His crucifixion. Thus we can say that myrrh was a gift that was associated with Jesus’ eventual death on our behalf.

The myrrh and frankincense were easy to carry and all three gifts were worth a considerable amount. Their monetary value may have been used to provide for Mary, Joseph, and Jesus later when they were forced to escape into Egypt for a time (see Matthew 2:13-15). But even though these gifts were important, the fact that the Magi worshiped Jesus was even more important.

So these verses identify three different responses to Jesus and serve to represent the different ways people often respond to Him today. First we have Herod, a man who displayed open hostility towards Christ. Next we have the representatives of the religious leadership, the ones who told Herod where the Messiah was to be born. These men showed great indifference towards Jesus; they heard about Him but didn’t care enough to see Him for themselves. Finally we have the Magi. They were the ones who looked for Jesus, spent time with Him, and worshiped Him.

So now that we’ve reached the end of this look at the Christmas story, let’s finish with one final observation. It’s been said that giving gifts at Christmas is not something that humanity invented- it was God who initiated the gift giving when He gave us the gift of His Son. Christmas is not about the gifts that we receive from others- it’s really about the gift that God has given to us.

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