“I saw the Holy City, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God” (Revelation 21:2).

These details from Revelation 21:2 offers some insight into the “new Jerusalem” mentioned here. First, the city will be “holy.” In other words, it will be a place that is morally perfect and completely removed from impurities of any kind. In contrast to a rural community or outlying area, the new Jerusalem will also be a city,  a place of action and activity where residents live in relative proximity to one another. The name “Jerusalem” is also significant, for that name references a city of peace. ₍₁₎ Finally, this city will descend directly from God.

Thus, we can make several important observations based on our text from Revelation 21:1-2. We can also say with certainty that the realm of heaven will remain, for the new Jerusalem descends from there. Even so, the following verse alerts us to a change of address for heaven’s most significant resident…

“And I heard a loud voice from heaven saying, ‘Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people. God Himself will be with them and be their God. And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there shall be no more death, nor sorrow, nor crying. There shall be no more pain, for the former things have passed away.’

Then He who sat on the throne said, ‘Behold, I make all things new.’ And He said to me, ‘Write, for these words are true and faithful.’ And He said to me, ‘It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. I will give of the fountain of the water of life freely to him who thirsts. He who overcomes shall inherit all things, and I will be his God and he shall be My son.

But the cowardly, unbelieving, abominable, murderers, sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars shall have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second death'” (Revelation 21:3-8).

While it’s easy to see the benefits that accrue to someone who enters a relationship with God through faith in Christ, one question remains: what’s in it for God? The person who places his or her faith in Christ can look forward to all the good things mentioned here in the first seven verses of Revelation chapter twenty-one. But what does God receive? In fact, what could mere human beings ever give the One who possesses everything? We’ll explore the answer to that question next.

(1) G2419 – ierousalem – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g2419/kjv/tr/0-1/

In today’s world of advance technology, system failures are an unavoidable reality for nearly everyone. From desktop workstations, to laptop computers, to mobile phones, to gaming consoles and other types of electronic devices, virtually everyone knows what it’s like to experience a system crash. In some instances, a system application will malfunction so badly that a user has no choice but to restart everything and begin anew.

To a small degree, those experiences offer a glimpse into what we will see over the course of Revelation chapter twenty-one. In it, God will create an entirely new “universal operating system” and restart His creation, so to speak…

“Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away. Also there was no more sea. Then I, John, saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband” (Revelation 21:1-2).

This reference to the heavens and earth “passing away” may represent something of an understatement based on the following passage from the Biblical book of 2 Peter: “The heavens will disappear with a roar; the elements will be destroyed by fire, and the earth and everything in it will be laid bare” (2 Peter 3:10). That points to a cataclysmic end for this current order prior to its replacement with a new heaven and a new earth. And while “new” may simply refer to something different, this word conveys the idea of something fresh and unprecedented. ₍₁₎

This reference to “heaven” also has several meanings, depending on its context. For instance, this word may refer to the region within earth’s atmosphere, the area where birds fly and aircraft traverse the skies. It may also refer to outer reaches of space, the universal expanse where the sun, the moon, and the stars reside (Psalm 19:1). Finally, “heaven” is also used to identify the place where God dwells (Matthew 6:9) along with the angels (Mark 13:32).

These first two definitions appear to relate to the opening verses of Revelation chapter twenty-one. This passage thus looks forward to an entirely new planet and an entirely new universe. This new universe will presumably include new galaxies, stars, planets, and other celestial mysteries that are waiting to be discovered. However, one notable exception to this new landscape will be the complete absence of any seas. This does not mean that lakes, streams, and similar bodies of water will cease to exist; only that this new earth will be devoid of any oceans.

Image Attribution :Pablo Gómez from Puerto Montt, Chile, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) G2537 – kainos – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g2537/kjv/tr/0-1/

The final verses of Revelation chapter twenty speak of a judicial inquiry where “…Several books were opened, and then the book of life was opened. The dead were judged by what those books said they had done” (Revelation 20:12 CEV). In contrast to a human legal proceeding, this judicial process will not seek to ascertain the facts of our lives. Those facts are already known, for they are recorded within these books. So unlike a legal hearing that seeks to adjudicate the facts of a case, this portion of Scripture depicts the rendering of a sentence.

To underscore the universal nature of that proceeding, Revelation 20:13 tells us that “…important and unimportant people” (GW) were recalled from the sea,  the burial grave, and from Hades (the abode of the dead) to stand before this throne. Revelation 20:14-15 then closes this chapter by saying, “…death and the world of the dead were thrown into the lake of fire. (This lake of fire is the second death). Those who did not have their name written in the book of the living were thrown into the lake of fire” (GNT).

This horrific imagery has led one commentator to confront some difficult truths…

“There is no biblical concept more grim or terror-invoking than the idea of hell. It is so unpopular with us that few would give credence to it at all except that it comes to us from the teaching of Christ Himself. Almost all the biblical teaching about hell comes from the lips of Jesus. It is this doctrine, perhaps more than any other, that strains even the Christian’s loyalty to the teaching of Christ.

Modern Christians have pushed the limits of minimizing hell in an effort to sidestep or soften Jesus’ own teaching. The Bible describes hell as a place of outer darkness, a lake of fire, a place of weeping and gnashing of teeth, a place of eternal separation from the blessings of God, a prison, a place of torment where the worm doesn’t turn or die.

These graphic images of eternal punishment provoke the question, should we take these descriptions literally or are they merely symbols? I suspect they are symbols, but I find no relief in that. We must not think of them as being merely symbols. It is probable that the sinner in hell would prefer a literal lake of fire as his eternal abode to the reality of hell represented in the lake of fire image.

If these images are indeed symbols, then we must conclude that the reality is worse than the symbol suggests. The function of symbols is to point beyond themselves to a higher or more intense state of actuality than the symbol itself can contain. That Jesus used the most awful symbols imaginable to describe hell is no comfort to those who see them simply as symbols.” ₍₁₎

(1) Sproul, R. C. (1992). Essential truths of the Christian faith. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House. Page 21.

“Then I saw a great white throne and Him who sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away. And there was found no place for them. And I saw the dead, small and great, standing before God, and books were opened. And another book was opened, which is the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their works, by the things which were written in the books.

The sea gave up the dead who were in it, and Death and Hades delivered up the dead who were in them. And they were judged, each one according to his works. Then Death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. And anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire” (Revelation 20:11-15).

This passage has been come to be known as “The Great White Throne Judgment” based on the description we find here in Revelation 20:11. “Great” signifies authority, “white” symbolizes purity, and the throne denotes the sovereign power of a king. In a poetic testament to those majestic qualities, God’s imposing presence caused even the earth and sky to flee away.

We should note that this judicial process will assess “…the dead, both small and great.” This tells us that the recognition, power, wealth, status, or influence we enjoy now will have no influence then. Who you are now will not matter in that eternal court. Instead, what you are now will serve as the deciding factor then. One commentator makes a critical observation in this regard…

“It is sobering to realize that Scripture represents the state of unbelievers after death as a fixed state. There is no second chance (Ecclesiastes 11:3; Luke 16:19-31; John 8:21,24; 2 Peter 2:4,9; Jude 7,13). The Scriptures also reveal that the condemnation of unbelievers is determined by actions done during mortal life (especially the action of rejecting Christ)…” ₍₁₎

Another source adds a comment that is worthy of our attention…

“Judgment is not a popular theme today, but the Bible teaches that judgment is coming. Do you look forward to Christ’s return, or do you see it as a threat? As sure as death itself, judgment awaits. At God’s judgment there will be no higher court of appeal should the verdict not be to your liking. If you hope for a favorable verdict in this court, put your hope entirely on Jesus. Pray today-now if you haven’t before-for the freedom and pardon Jesus has won for you.” ₍₂₎

Portions of this study originally appeared here

(1) Ron Rhodes, Heaven: The Undiscovered Country: Exploring the Wonder of the Afterlife pg.47

(2) Life Application Study Bible [Hebrews 9:27] Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2004 by Tyndale House Publishers Inc., all rights reserved.

Revelation 20:8 references “Gog and Magog,” two regional entities that rose to prominence in the Old Testament book of the prophet Ezekiel. In Ezekiel chapters 38 and 39, “Gog and Magog” are enemies from the north that attack the nation of Israel. This area is traditionally associated with the lands presently inhabited by the Russian Federation and its surrounding regions. Since this portion of Scripture also references nations that hail from “the four corners of the earth,” this may simply represent all those who are intent on rebelling against God.

So, even in the pristine environment that Jesus will establish during this millennial period, the devil will still manage to instigate a vast rebellion against Him. Revelation 20:9 then continues by saying, “They marched across the breadth of the earth and surrounded the camp of God’s people, the city he loves” (NIV). This seems to indicate that a relatively small number of God-honoring individuals will retreat to their last stronghold, likely Jerusalem (or, the “beloved city” [ESV]).

But shortly thereafter, “…fire from heaven came down on the attacking armies and consumed them” (NLT). Thus, we can say that God will personally end this confrontation before it begins. But what of the ringleader behind that insurrection? Well, he will be sentenced in the following verse…

“and the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and sulfur where the beast and the false prophet were, and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever” (Revelation 20:10 ESV).

The following commentator addresses the “forever” aspect of that sentence…

“The torment experienced in Hell is eternal, and for some, this still seems inequitable compared to the finite and limited sins that we might commit here on earth. So let’s address the issue of the duration of the punishment. First, it’s important for us to remember the severity of a crime does not always have anything to do with the amount of time it takes to commit it.

If I embezzle five dollars a day from my boss over the course of five years, I might eventually get caught and pay the penalty… But if I become enraged at a coworker and in the blink of an eye I lose my temper and kill him, the crime is now murder… This crime took much less than five years to commit. It only took five seconds. Yet the penalty for this crime is far greater…

The penalties for these two crimes are very different, and they have nothing to do with the duration of the actual criminal act. Instead, the severity of the crime is the key to determining its punishment. It’s the same way with God. The duration of the crime has little to do with the duration of the penalty. It’s all about the severity of the crime.” ₍₁₎

(1) Excerpted from J. Warner Wallace, Can The Existence and Nature of Hell Be Defended? (Free Bible Insert), Retrieved 5 June 2020 from https://coldcasechristianity.com/writings/can-the-existence-and-nature-of-hell-be-defended-free-bible-insert/

“And when the thousand years are ended, Satan will be released from his prison and will come out to deceive the nations that are at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them for battle; their number is like the sand of the sea.

And they marched up over the broad plain of the earth and surrounded the camp of the saints and the beloved city, but fire came down from heaven and consumed them, and the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and sulfur where the beast and the false prophet were, and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever” (Revelation 20:7-10 ESV).

In the opening verses of Revelation chapter twenty, we read how our author saw “…an angel coming down from heaven, holding the key to the bottomless pit and a large chain in his hand. He overpowered the serpent, that ancient snake, named Devil and Satan. The angel chained up the serpent for 1,000 years” (Revelation 20:1-2 GW).

Given what we know about the devil, we might ask why he was incarcerated for this relatively brief thousand year period. For instance, why was he not imprisoned for ten thousand years? Or a million years? Why was he released at all? To answer those questions, it’s helpful to examine the relationships that will exist among the various governments and national populations in the millennial era.

We can begin by establishing several parameters based on our text from this chapter:

• Jesus will reign for a thousand years (verse four).
• Those who were previously beheaded “…for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God” under the administration of the beast will reign with Christ (verse four).
• Judgment will be committed to others during that period, likely those who have served God through the ages (verse four).
• National people groups will exist during that era (verses three and eight).

With these things in mind, we can say that the citizens of these nations will live under the direct oversight of Christ and His designated representatives. Those individuals (and their children) will live in societies that are just (because Jesus is in charge) and free of sinful temptations (because the devil has been imprisoned). Everyone’s conduct will honor God during that period because there will be no other options. That is, until the devil is released from captivity.

Much like the events that unfolded in the Garden of Eden’s perfect environment, humanity will face a choice once again during this period. Will these members of the human family serve God willingly with an attitude of love and respect, or will they serve His adversary? Revelation 20:8-9 tells us that a human population who “…will be as numerous as the grains of sand on the seashore” (GW) will choose that latter path with disastrous results.

“This is the first resurrection. (The rest of the dead did not come back to life until the thousand years had ended.) Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection. For them the second death holds no power, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with him a thousand years” (Revelation 20:5-6 NLT).

During His earthly ministry, Jesus’ disciples once approached Him with a request: “Lord, teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples” (Luke 11:1). The following verses provide us with Jesus’ response to that question…

“So He said to them, ‘When you pray, say: Our Father in heaven, Hallowed be Your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done On earth as it is in heaven. Give us day by day our daily bread. And forgive us our sins, For we also forgive everyone who is indebted to us. And do not lead us into temptation, But deliver us from the evil one” (Luke 11:2-4).

The global conditions that accompany the millennial reign of Christ will reflect an answer to that prayer. God’s will shall be done during that period and the national people groups that continue into that era will experience what it means to live in a world that functions under His benevolent oversight. In short, this will be the world as it should have been.

While it may seem difficult to contemplate today, let’s consider a world where truthfulness, righteousness, and godliness are the normal state of affairs. Imagine a realm where every form of entertainment honored God. Think of how it would be to live in a world where governments, businesses, and individuals truly worked for everyone’s mutual benefit.

How would it feel to live in an environment where no one had to lock their belongings? How would life be if our occupations were a pleasure, and our work efforts brought genuine satisfaction? Picture a social media environment where every interaction is truthful, supportive, and affirming, while newscasts had no robberies, wars, or natural disasters to report. These “what if” scenarios offer a glimpse into the characteristics that will define the millennial reign of Christ.

Unfortunately, we’ll soon discover that the devil’s corresponding prison sentence did little to rehabilitate him…

“Now when the thousand years have expired, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle, whose number is as the sand of the sea” (Revelation 20:7-8).

We’ll consider the ramifications of those actions next.

“Then I saw thrones, and seated on them were those to whom the authority to judge was committed. Also I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for the testimony of Jesus and for the word of God, and those who had not worshiped the beast or its image and had not received its mark on their foreheads or their hands. They came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years” (Revelation 20:4 ESV).

If “…to be absent from the body [is] to be present with the Lord” (2 Corinthians 5:8), then how can it be said that these individuals “came to life“? The answer may involve the glorified bodies that God has promised to His people in eternity.

The New Testament book of 1 Corinthians features an extensive discourse on that subject in chapter fifteen. There, we learn that God will provide His people with physical bodies that are perfectly suited for eternal life with Him. These bodies will never grow old, never become sick, never get weary, and never die. While we all must face the physiological limitations and constraints that are imposed upon us today, these glorified bodies will face no such restrictions.

Thus, God will furnish His people with bodies that will enable them to fulfill His highest purposes in eternity. This is the future that awaits those who are in Christ, for death holds no power over a body that can never perish. Jesus is our forerunner in this regard, and God will similarly equip His people for eternal life with Him.

That future reality may correspond with the “first resurrection” mentioned in the following verse…

“The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended. This is the first resurrection” (Revelation 20:5).

Biblical scholars refer to this thousand-year period as the “millennial reign” of Christ. As mentioned earlier, these verses foreshadow a future period when God will delegate oversight responsibilities to His people. But this inevitably leads to a question: who will be subject to their oversight, and in what capacity? In response, we can return to the reasoning behind the devil’s incarceration as stated earlier in Revelation 20:3: “This was to keep him from continuing to deceive the nations until the thousand years were over” (CEB).

If national entities continue to exist during this millennial period, then we can assume these leadership responsibilities will involve those nations, at least in part. We’ll take a closer look at this millennial reign of Christ in our next study.

“And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was committed to them. Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands. And they lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.

But the rest of the dead did not live again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over such the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years” (Revelation 20:4-6)

Our text from Revelation 20:4 references “…thrones on which were seated those who had been given authority to judge“ (NET). Two Biblical passages allude to the identities of these authorities. One is found in Jesus’ message to the church at Thyatira from earlier in Revelation chapter two: “To him who overcomes and does my will to the end, I will give authority over the nations” (Revelation 2:26). The other comes to us from 2 Timothy 2:12: “If we endure, We shall also reign with Him.” These verses point to future leadership roles for God’s people with authority granted to them by Jesus Himself.

Revelation 20:4 then continues with a rather enigmatic statement: “…I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded” followed by, “They came to life…” (NIV). So, how should we understand these references in the context of eternity? As with many such questions, the first step involves defining our terms.

We can begin with this reference to the “souls” of these individuals. In the original language of this passage, the word translated “soul” is “psuche.” This word serves as the ancestral foundation of modern-day terms such as “psychology” and “psychoanalysis.” In this context, the word “soul” is used to identify the individual personalities that characterize each human being.

This wide-ranging definition covers the spectrum of our emotions, from love and hate to indifference. It also reflects our talents, skills, and abilities, as well as the traits and characteristics we’ve inherited or cultivated. Finally, the soul is comprised of our will, our intellect, and all the attributes that differentiate every human person, past, present, and future. In short, we can associate the soul with the “you” inside your body.

When a man or woman of God passes from this earthly life, he or she enters into God’s presence according to 2 Corinthians 5:8: “We are confident, yes, well pleased rather to be absent from the body and to be present with the Lord.” While opinions vary regarding when God’s people will acquire the eternal, glorified bodies He has promised, our fellowship with God in His presence will never comprise less than our souls. Well see how those glorified bodies may relate to this passage next.

“And he seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years, and threw him into the pit, and shut it and sealed it over him, so that he might not deceive the nations any longer, until the thousand years were ended. After that he must be released for a little while” (Revelation 20:2-3).

So what was the purpose behind the devil’s confinement to the Abyss (or pit)? The answer to that question appears in the midst of Revelation 20:3: “This was to keep him from continuing to deceive the nations until the thousand years were over” (CEB). This brief passage alerts us to the fact that deception is one of the most useful and effective weapons in the enemy’s arsenal.

We can illustrate that unfortunate reality with a look at some deceptive philosophies and their Biblical comparisons. For example…

• You only live once (compare with Revelation 20:11-15).
• The ends justify the means (1 Peter 1:15-16).
• If it feels good, do it, or, If it feels right, it can’t be wrong (Proverbs 14:12).
• Follow your heart (Jeremiah 17:9).
• Do unto others before they do unto you (a falsification of Jesus’ counsel from Luke 6:31).

These philosophies all share a common issue: they each begin with a flawed premise. For instance, some of those philosophies tacitly deny the existence of a righteous Creator or reduce the concepts of “good” and “right” to nothing more than human preference. Others are fueled by a misguided type of “wisdom” that mistakenly presumes that we will never be called to account for the choices we make. Those who hold that belief would do well to skip ahead to the end of Revelation chapter twenty.

Nevertheless, the Scriptures provide us with a standard that can help us identify such false and deceptive philosophies. We find that standard in the Old Testament book of Proverbs: “For the reverence and fear of God are basic to all wisdom. Knowing God results in every other kind of understanding” (Proverbs 9:10 TLB).

This standard tells us we must approach the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom with an attitude of respect for our Creator. As we’re also reminded in the New Testament book of James, “If any of you lacks wisdom, he should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to him” (James 1:5).

Any quest for wisdom that begins with these flawed premises (or others like them) is certain to run afoul of the heartfelt admonition given to us in Colossians 2:4: “I am telling you this so that no one will be able to deceive you with persuasive arguments” (NLT).

Image Attribution: Jerry Stratton / http://hoboes.com/Mimsy

Revelation chapter twenty represents one of the greatest, or one of the most terrifying chapters in the Biblical record- and the path to one of those responses will largely depend on the choices we make today.

Our text from Revelation chapter twenty is divided into four distinct sections. The first section details Satan’s capture and subsequent imprisonment for a period of one thousand years. The next section identifies the roles and responsibilities that God will assign to His people during that era. Section three chronicles Satan’s release from prison, with predictable results. That will eventually lead to his permanent incarceration with the beast and the false prophet in the lake of fire and brimstone. The last section addresses the subject of Judgment Day.

“Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. He laid hold of the dragon, that serpent of old, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years; and he cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal on him, so that he should deceive the nations no more till the thousand years were finished. But after these things he must be released for a little while” (Revelation 20:1-3).

This section begins by identifying one of the primary characters in this chapter along with a few of his aliases: “…the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil and Satan” (ESV). We should note that the same being who initially appeared as a serpent in the first book of the Bible has now grown to become a dragon in the last book of the Bible.

It is also interesting to note that the task of capturing the devil was not entrusted to a group of angelic beings or a powerful archangel like Michael. Instead, it fell to a single unidentified angel, thus suggesting that the dragon’s power had been curtailed. However, the fact that this unknown angel had to “seize” him (CSB) implies that he didn’t want to go. One potential explanation for his reluctance appears in verse three: “He threw him into the Abyss, and locked and sealed it over him” (NIV).

This reference to “the Abyss” (or “bottomless pit“) appeared earlier in Revelation chapter nine. There, it served as the exit point for a group of demonic locust creatures who emerged to torture those who had rejected God. The Abyss was also the point of origin for the beast who executed God’s two witnesses as mentioned earlier in Revelation chapter eleven.

So the Abyss is clearly a horrific place, and it will serve as the penitentiary where Satan will be held in custody for a period of one thousand years. We’ll explore the purpose behind that sentence over the course of this chapter.

“Then I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the birds that fly in the midst of heaven, ‘Come and gather together for the supper of the great God, that you may eat the flesh of kings, the flesh of captains, the flesh of mighty men, the flesh of horses and of those who sit on them, and the flesh of all people, free and slave, both small and great.’

And I saw the beast, the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against Him who sat on the horse and against His army. Then the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who worked signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image.

These two were cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone. And the rest were killed with the sword which proceeded from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse. And all the birds were filled with their flesh” (Revelation 19:17-21).

While it may seem ludicrous to believe that an armed force might actually prevail against Christ, one possible justification for this attack plan might involve Jesus’ first advent.

You see, Jesus’ death by crucifixion signaled an apparent victory for His enemies, and perhaps their intent is to finish the job they started earlier. This military confrontation thus reflects the enemy’s character, and fulfills one of Jesus’ primary objectives.

However, those who are expecting a titanic battle worthy of an epic movie will undoubtedly be disappointed. While these two great armies will square off against one another, there is something missing from these closing verses of Revelation nineteen. That missing element is an actual war between these forces. Instead, we’re simply told, “Their entire army was killed by the sharp sword that came from the mouth of the one riding the white horse” (Revelation 19:21 NLT),

Nevertheless, two specific members of this opposition force were apprehended: “…the beast was captured and so was the false prophet” (Revelation 19:20 CEV). These individuals were taken into custody and immediately sentenced: “Both of them were thrown alive into the fiery lake of burning sulfur” (GW). Sulfur is alternately known as “brimstone” in some Biblical translations and typically emits the pungent odor of rotten eggs.

Much like the lava that flows from an active volcano, a molten lake of brimstone would radiate intense heat. It would smell awful as well. Thus, it represents an eternal destination we should seek to avoid.

Image Attribution: Nina R from Africa, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

“Now out of His mouth goes a sharp sword, that with it He should strike the nations. And He Himself will rule them with a rod of iron. He Himself treads the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. And He has on His robe and on His thigh a name written: KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS” (Revelation 19:15-16).

Roman soldiers of the New Testament era typically employed two different types of swords. The first was a 9-inch (23 cm) dagger. This was effective for use in hand-to-hand combat, or as a practical tool for various tasks. The second was a 2-foot long (61 cm) sword carried in a sheath. This was a deadly and intimidating weapon, and a soldier who brandished it was someone who was prepared to inflict serious harm.

This second type of sword is in view here in Revelation 19:15. As mentioned earlier, this is one of five separate references from the book of Revelation that links Jesus with a sword that is sharp and/or double-edged (the others are Revelation 1:16, 2:12, 2:16, and 19:21). And just as we saw in Jesus’ earlier message to the church at Pergamum, this sword emerges from His mouth. So what is the link between this formidable sword and its location? Well, this reference might make better sense if we expand our focus to include our interactions with others.

For instance, have you ever been injured by the words that were spoken by someone else? Have you ever been cut by another person’s remarks? Those experiences remind us that the things others say may sometimes produce a harmful effect. With this in mind, we might consider the function of this sword and its impact upon others. Is it possible that Christ will subdue His enemies merely with a spoken word?

Consider the following Biblical references and their potential relationship to this passage…

“And take… the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God” (Ephesians 6:17).

“For the word of God is living and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the division of soul and spirit, and of joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart” (Hebrews 4:12).

Finally, we might also consider the well-known creation account from Genesis chapter one. There, the phrase “God said“ appears eight times in conjunction with God’s creative work. Thus, we should consider the possibility that the same divine power that brought creation into existence may also dismantle portions of it as well.

Image Attribution (1): Michel wal, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Image Attribution (2): No machine-readable author provided. Rama assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

“After that I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse [appeared]! The One Who was riding it is called Faithful (Trustworthy, Loyal, Incorruptible, Steady) and True, and He passes judgment and wages war in righteousness (holiness, justice, and uprightness)” (Revelation 19:11 AMPC).

While it may not seem obvious from our text, this passage marks a watershed moment in human history, for this is the point where Jesus steps forward to begin making everything right. Consider the descriptive terms given to us here in Revelation 19:11-14…

Verse eleven:

• “[A] white horse.” This serves as a symbol of victory and purity.
• “He who sat on him was called Faithful and True.” His character is reliable, trustworthy, and genuine.
• “In righteousness He judges and makes war.” All His actions are fair and equitable, even the battles He undertakes.

Verse twelve:

• “His eyes were like a flame of fire.” Fire can be warm and comforting, or painful and destructive. Much the same can be said of our experience with Christ, depending on whether we embrace Him in faith, or dismiss Him in unbelief.
• “On His head were many crowns.” These are the crowns of a king who holds a position of authority. The fact He wears many crowns suggests that He is a person of supreme authority.
• “He had a name written that no one knew except Himself.” Perhaps the best way to interpret this reference is to say that no one comprehends Jesus completely except Himself. We will never run out of things to discover about Jesus, for He the only one who knows all there is to know about Himself.

Verse thirteen:

• “He was clothed with a robe dipped in blood.” This might refer to the blood Christ shed at the time of His crucifixion, along with the events that preceded it.
• “His name is called The Word of God.” This offers a direct association with Jesus, as He is described in John 1:1-2: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God.”

Verse fourteen:

• “And the armies in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, followed Him on white horses.” This reference to white, clean linen coincides with verse eight, where God’s people were likened to a bride who was arrayed in the same manner. Their vantage point will enable them to bear witness to the greatest military victory in human history.

We’ll continue with this list of attributes from the following verses next.

“At this I fell at his feet to worship him. But he said to me, ‘Don’t do that! I am a fellow servant with you and with your brothers and sisters who hold to the testimony of Jesus. Worship God! For it is the Spirit of prophecy who bears testimony to Jesus'” (Revelation 19:10 NIV).

This brief exchange offers circumstantial evidence to support the assertion that the Bible is a divinely inspired text. After all, what credible author would fabricate the unflattering self-portrait given to us here in Revelation 19:10?

So why would John, our author, include this embarrassing record of his rebuke? To address that question, we might look at several potential applications from this text. First, we might consider the emotional excitement that characterized the moment when John fell at the feet of this angel to worship him. This angelic response reminds us that a moment of spiritual fervor cannot justify unbiblical conduct. Those who “get caught up in the moment” of a spiritual experience should not use that experience as an excuse to engage in Biblically inappropriate behaviors.

Next, we should remember that nothing can take Jesus’ place as the object of our worship. Whenever we are tempted to worship someone or something else, we would do well to recall the swift rebuke offered by this angelic being.

Finally, those in positions of authority should note the directive issued by this angel: “Worship God!” Just as this angel redirected John’s focus towards God, those who hold leadership positions should follow this good example in their relationships with others who have been entrusted to their care.

“Now I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse. And He who sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and makes war. His eyes were like a flame of fire, and on His head were many crowns. He had a name written that no one knew except Himself. He was clothed with a robe dipped in blood, and His name is called The Word of God.

And the armies in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, followed Him on white horses. Now out of His mouth goes a sharp sword, that with it He should strike the nations. And He Himself will rule them with a rod of iron. He Himself treads the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. And He has on His robe and on His thigh a name written: KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS” (Revelation 19:11-16).

This horseman of Revelation 19:13 is Christ, for His name serves to associate Him with the “Word Of God“ mentioned earlier in the first verse of John chapter one. We’ll examine this portion of Scripture in greater detail next.

“And to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: for the fine linen is the righteousness of saints” (Revelation 19:8 KJV).

In one sense, God’s people might view their earthly journey as a period of betrothal, a time of preparation and anticipation before they enter eternity to begin a new life with Christ. As Jesus Himself said in John 14:2-3, “In My Father’s house are many mansions; if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and receive you to Myself; that where I am, there you may be also.”

So, much like the groom who leaves to prepare a home for his beloved, God’s people are likened to a bride who awaits a future home with her betrothed. In this analogy, Jesus is the “groom,” and the marriage relationship symbolizes the life He seeks to enjoy with His people.

We should also note another highly illustrative portion of this verse: “…his bride has made herself ready. Fine linen, bright and clean, was given her to wear. (Fine linen stands for the righteous acts of the saints)” (NIV). Since a bride is often the center of attention at many wedding ceremonies, it is significant that our bride from Revelation 19:8 is arrayed in clean, bright, fine linen. This imagery draws our attention to the cleansing work that Christ does within us.

This reference to the “…righteous acts of the saints” is significant as well. For instance, the New Testament book of Ephesians offers insight into this passage when it tells us, “we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do” (Ephesians 2:10).

Once we are reconciled to God through faith in Christ, we can truly fulfill the purposes for which God created us; those “good works” or “righteous acts” that are befitting these clean, bright garments. That brings us to a rather enigmatic section of Revelation nineteen…

“And the angel said to me, ‘Write this: Blessed are those who are invited to the marriage supper of the Lamb.’ And he said to me, ‘These are the true words of God.’ Then I fell down at his feet to worship him, but he said to me, ‘You must not do that! I am a fellow servant with you and your brothers who hold to the testimony of Jesus. Worship God. For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy'” (Revelation 19:9-10).

Why would John include this uncomplimentary exchange in this record of his experience? We’ll consider that question next.

“Let us rejoice and exult and give him the glory, for the marriage of the Lamb has come, and his Bride has made herself ready” (Revelation 19:7).

This reference to “glory” here in Revelation 19:7 conveys the idea of beauty, power, honor and/or the quality of God’s character that emphasizes His greatness and authority. As mentioned earlier, the word “glory” also expresses a good opinion that results in praise and honor for the person under consideration, as well as the characteristic qualities of excellence, preeminence, and dignity. ₍₁₎ These attributes should prompt us to honor God with the recognition and respect He deserves.

These verses also tell us, “…true and righteous are His judgments” (Revelation 19:2). While many of us have experience with others who have lied to us, God never responds in such a manner. Instead, He always acts righteously in every situation. In fact, Numbers 23:19 offers this assessment of God’s character: “God is not like people. He tells no lies. He is not like humans. He doesn’t change his mind. When he says something, he does it. When he makes a promise, he keeps it” (GW). That testimony is even more impressive given the person who made it.

So despite the iniquities we experience today, God offers truth and fairness in a world that is often lacking in such things. These are qualities that should merit our expressions of praise and thanksgiving to God.

Revelation 19:7-8 then continues with the imagery of a bride who “…was given fine linen to wear, bright and pure. For the fine linen represents the righteous acts of the saints” (Revelation 19:8 HCSB). To grasp the symbolic meaning behind this image, it may be helpful to consider a typical first-century marriage ceremony.

During the New Testament era, it was a common practice for Jewish parents to arrange marriages for their children. Following those arrangements, a young man and woman of marriageable age entered a period of “betrothal.” This resembled contemporary premarital engagements in certain respects, but was far more formal.

This betrothal period typically spanned a duration of up to one year. During that time, the groom customarily dedicated himself to the task of preparing the couple’s future home, a responsibility that often involved building an addition onto his father’s house. When everything was ready, the bride, groom, and their companions would gather for a procession to the couple’s new home. Following a wedding ceremony officiated by a priest, the newly married couple began their life together as husband and wife.

We’ll tie this imagery together with our text from Revelation nineteen next.

(1) G1391 – doxa – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g1391/kjv/tr/0-1/

“And the twenty-four elders and the four living creatures fell down and worshiped God who was seated on the throne, saying, ‘Amen. Hallelujah!'” (Revelation 19:4).

Because God’s direct presence is not readily apparent to our senses, it’s often easy to take His benefits for granted. But even though God remains unseen, His provision is evident in the everyday blessings that surround us. From the air we breathe, to the food we eat, to the places we live, to the clothes we wear, God has given us a myriad of things we can thank Him for.

Our text from the opening verses of Revelation nineteen offers some other examples. For instance, Revelation 19:1 mentions salvation. The word “salvation” relates to the concept of “deliverance” when used in a spiritual sense. That act of deliverance involves God’s liberation of human beings from their state of alienation from Him. That state of alienation exists because “…all have sinned; all fall short of God’s glorious standard” (Romans 3:23 NLT).

Unfortunately, everyone has failed to live up to the perfect standard that God established for the human family. In fact, God warned the very first human being that he would be subject to a death penalty if he disregarded the law and violated that standard (see Genesis 2:16-17). And as the Biblical book of James also reminds us, “…the person who keeps every law of God but makes one little slip is just as guilty as the person who has broken every law there is” (James 2:10 TLB).

This explains why Christ died in our place. Jesus accepted the sentence imposed upon humanity and satisfied the mandatory death penalty requirement through His sacrificial death. That sacrifice bridges the gap between God’s perfection and our imperfection, and those who accept Him by faith receive salvation (or deliverance) from an eternity of retributive justice.

The Gospel of John reiterates this point when it tells us…

“For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world through Him might be saved. He who believes in Him is not condemned; but he who does not believe is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God” (John 3:17-18).

Since Christ became our substitute (1 Peter 2:24), we can now enjoy a relationship with God by accepting His sacrifice in our place (see Romans 10:9 and 2 Corinthians 5:19). These things should inspire our praise and worship, just as we see here in Revelation 19:4.

“After this I heard what seemed to be the loud voice of a great multitude in heaven, crying out, “Hallelujah! Salvation and glory and power belong to our God” (Revelation 19:1 ESV).

“Hallelujah” is a familiar term to many, even among those who are aren’t very spiritual. But what does this word mean and how can we apply it in a manner that honors God? To answer those questions, we can begin with some definitions.

The word “hallelujah” is derived from two Old Testament words. The first is “hallal,” a word that means to praise or celebrate. ₍₁₎ The second word is “jah,” which is a shortened form of “Yahweh,” the covenant name of God. ₍₂₎ If we put these together, they form a word that means “praise God,” or “praise the Lord.” ₍₃₎ “Alleluia” is an alternate form of this word that appears most prominently in the King James Bible and its derivative translations. Somewhat surprisingly, the only New Testament appearance of this word is here in Revelation chapter nineteen.

While “hallelujah” is an oft-repeated phrase in some circles, we would do well to consider these important definitions. For instance, when we praise a great athlete, we are giving that person the recognition he or she deserves. This is not a mindless platitude; instead, we take note of that individual’s performance and offer the praise that he or she warrants. The same is true of God on a greater scale.

We can turn to other examples to illustrate this idea as well. Most of us probably know what it’s like to work without receiving the credit we deserve for our efforts. It’s also likely that many of us know how it feels to toil away at a task while others receive credit for our work. But this heavenly assembly from Revelation 19:1 gave credit where it was due as they offered praise and recognition to God for his glorious attributes.

Our text from Revelation chapter nineteen thus serves as an important reminder. For example, does God receive the recognition He deserves for His provision in our lives? Does He receive credit for His blessings and benefits? Do we offer our thanks and appreciation for the things He has done on our behalf? Unfortunately, there are many who fail to do so.

There are multitudes who begin their days without thought or recognition of God. They eat and drink with little or no appreciation for the God who graciously provides those things. They go to work or school and use their God-given skills and talents without consideration for the God who has blessed them with those qualities. Therefore, we should avoid these negative examples and follow the good example we find here in Revelation nineteen as we offer God the praise and recognition He deserves.

(1) H1984 – halal – Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h1984/kjv/wlc/0-1/

(2) H3050 – yâ – Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h3050/kjv/wlc/0-1/

(3) G239 – hallelouia – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g239/kjv/tr/0-1/

Revelation chapter eighteen chronicled the destruction of the godless economic empire established by God’s adversaries. Unfortunately, many ungodly business practices are built on the assumption that God will never hold us accountable for our conduct. Revelation chapter eighteen thus serves to preview the ultimate end of any immoral economic philosophy.

That chapter also described the deep emotional distress of those who were left behind following the destruction of the blasphemous economic system known as “Babylon.” Revelation 18:11 identifies the source of their distress: “The merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her because no one buys their cargoes anymore” (NIV). So, their concern did not stem from the loss of human casualties or the devastation that will take place. Instead, their sorrow was generated by the loss of a market for their products. That indicates that their primary (or perhaps only) motive involved financial gain.

However, there was a second group of individuals who responded in a very different manner. We will meet those individuals in the opening verses of Revelation chapter nineteen…

“After these things I heard a loud voice of a great multitude in heaven, saying, ‘Alleluia! Salvation and glory and honor and power belong to the Lord our God! For true and righteous are His judgments, because He has judged the great harlot who corrupted the earth with her fornication; and He has avenged on her the blood of His servants shed by her.’ Again they said, ‘Alleluia! Her smoke rises up forever and ever’

And the twenty-four elders and the four living creatures fell down and worshiped God who sat on the throne, saying, ‘Amen! Alleluia!’ Then a voice came from the throne, saying, ‘Praise our God, all you His servants and those who fear Him, both small and great!’ And I heard, as it were, the voice of a great multitude, as the sound of many waters and as the sound of mighty thunderings, saying, ‘Alleluia! For the Lord God Omnipotent reigns! Let us be glad and rejoice and give Him glory, for the marriage of the Lamb has come, and His wife has made herself ready.’

And to her it was granted to be arrayed in fine linen, clean and bright, for the fine linen is the righteous acts of the saints” (Revelation 19:1-8).

So when faced with the destruction of this blasphemous economic system, one group responded by weeping and wailing. The other group rejoiced. In a similar manner, the things we celebrate and the things that bring us distress often serve to reveal our true priorities.

We’ll continue to crisscross through these verses over the next few messages of our study in this chapter.

“Then a mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone and threw it into the sea, saying, ‘Thus with violence the great city Babylon shall be thrown down, and shall not be found anymore'” (Revelation 18:21).

Imagine what would happen if a giant, boulder-like object were to suddenly plummet into one of the world’s great oceans. While that event would propel untold amounts of water into the earth’s atmosphere, the seas would eventually rush in to cover the initial point of impact. The ocean’s ceaseless motion would thus make that area virtually indistinguishable from the surrounding waves in a relatively short period.

Such will be the case with the godless economic system described here in Revelation eighteen. As one translation renders this text, “With this kind of sudden violent force Babylon the great city will be thrown down and it will never be found again!” (NET).

But let’s revisit this analogy again and consider some other potential implications. While the initial point of impact would soon become indistinguishable, the effect of such an event would likely reach far beyond its origin. Coastal cities might suffer the devastating impact of an incoming tsunami, while other natural processes might face irreversible damage. In like manner, the effects of Babylon’s destruction will resonate far beyond the city itself. We find a summary of those effects in verses twenty-two and twenty-three…

“The sound of harps, singers, flutes, and trumpets will never be heard in you again. No craftsmen and no trades will ever be found in you again. The sound of the mill will never be heard in you again. The light of a lamp will never shine in you again. The happy voices of brides and grooms will never be heard in you again. For your merchants were the greatest in the world, and you deceived the nations with your sorceries” (NLT).

So this portion of Scripture tells us that there will be no further cultural activities, building projects, agricultural production, artificial illumination, or sense of happiness that might arise from human relationships. Thus shall Babylon be recompensed for “…the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth” (Revelation 18:24).

So this brings us to the end of our study in Revelation chapter eighteen. In chapter seventeen, we saw the systematic dismantlement of Babylon’s blasphemous religious structure. Here in chapter eighteen, we have witnessed the downfall of Babylon’s godless economic system. The only remaining stronghold is the unholy political alliance that will arise during that era. That coalition will meet its end in the following chapter.

“‘Rejoice over her, O heaven, and you holy apostles and prophets, for God has avenged you on her!’ Then a mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone and threw it into the sea, saying, ‘Thus with violence the great city Babylon shall be thrown down, and shall not be found anymore. The sound of harpists, musicians, flutists, and trumpeters shall not be heard in you anymore. No craftsman of any craft shall be found in you anymore, and the sound of a millstone shall not be heard in you anymore.

The light of a lamp shall not shine in you anymore, and the voice of bridegroom and bride shall not be heard in you anymore. For your merchants were the great men of the earth, for by your sorcery all the nations were deceived. And in her was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth'” (Revelation 18:20-24).

Given the apocalyptic imagery that precedes it, the exhortation to rejoice here in Revelation 18:20 may seem rather disturbing. For instance, consider the following passage from Revelation 18:8: “Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine…” (KJV). How could anyone rejoice over such a fate?

A shift in perspective may help address that concern. Just as we rejoice when justice is served in a human court of law, the downfall of Babylon, a place that had become “…a home for demons” and “…a hideout for every foul spirit, a hideout for every foul vulture and every foul and dreadful animal” (Revelation 18:2 NLT) offered cause to rejoicing.

Moreover, we should not forget that this blasphemous regime had committed many criminal acts. In fact, Revelation 18:5 tells us, “…Her sins are piled as high as heaven, and God has remembered her crimes” (GW). Revelation 17:6 also serves as a case in point. That portion of Scripture depicts Babylon as a woman who sat astride a scarlet beast while she was “…drunk with the blood of God’s people and the blood of those who were killed because they had been loyal to Jesus” (GNT).

Finally, Revelation 18:24 tells us, “In her was found the blood of prophets and of God’s holy people, of all who have been slaughtered on the earth” (NIV). Should God permit such criminal activity to go unpunished? Should not those who perpetrated such crimes be held to account for their actions? On the contrary, it would be wrong for a righteous judge to allow such crimes to go unavenged. Thus, we find heaven rejoicing over the fact that justice had been served.

“…Every shipmaster, all who travel by ship, sailors, and as many as trade on the sea, stood at a distance and cried out when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, ‘What is like this great city?’ “They threw dust on their heads and cried out, weeping and wailing, and saying, ‘Alas, alas, that great city, in which all who had ships on the sea became rich by her wealth! For in one hour she is made desolate'” (Revelation 18:17-19).

In thousands of years of recorded human history, with all its wars and conflicts, humanity has never possessed the destructive power to annihilate an entire city within a mere sixty minutes. It was only with the advent of the nuclear era that human beings gained that capacity. So what may have seemed impossible before the dawn of the twentieth century is now a terrifying reality.

That backdrop sets the scene for Revelation 18:9-19 and the list of goods and commodities that will vanish following Babylon’s destruction. With the exception of the food-related items, everything mentioned in that list is a luxury item, not a necessity. However, there is another commodity on that list that should definitely command our attention: “…[the] bodies and souls of men” (Revelation 18:13).

This passage speaks of human beings who are viewed as nothing more than possessions to be bought and sold. But that godless economic platform went far beyond mere slavery, for it also encompassed “…the very souls of men” (Phillips). This reference to “souls” suggests a level of control that extends beyond mere ownership; it implies dominion over one’s internal thoughts and accompanying behaviors. While many have desired to exert such control over other human beings over the course of human history, modern-day advances in electronic surveillance and related technologies have now brought that desire closer to reality.

We should also notice that an overwhelming sense of grief followed the loss of these luxury items. For instance, verse nine speaks of weeping and lamentations, while verse eleven mentions weeping and mourning. More weeping and wailing then follow in verse fifteen, with additional weeping and wailing in verse nineteen. While anyone might grieve over the loss of their possessions, we should note that these individuals showed no remorse concerning this devastating loss of human life.

Instead, Revelation 18:11 identifies the source of their grief: “The merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her because no one buys their cargoes anymore” (NIV). So, their primary (and perhaps only) motivation involved wealth acquisition. Unfortunately for them, this act of destruction will obliterate their profits, along with Babylon’s inhabitants and their materialistic values.

Image Attribution: “Spangdahlem recognizes National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month” by SrA Kyle Cope. Public Domain via getarchive

“Give her as much torment and grief as the glory and luxury she gave herself. In her heart she boasts, ‘I sit enthroned as queen. I am not a widow; I will never mourn'” (Revelation 18:7 NIV).

Revelation 18:7 speaks of Babylon and the “…luxury she gave herself.” So, in addition to the qualities of self-honor and self-praise that characterized those who took part in this corrupt economic system, we can add one more quality: self-indulgence. That attitude expressed little or no empathy for those in need and no willingness to assist the less fortunate. Instead, the individual desire for comfort and personal gratification took precedence.

The latter half of verse seven reveals another disturbing aspect of that mindset: “…she keeps telling herself: ‘Here I sit, a queen! I am no widow, I will never know grief’” (GNT). If we were to paraphrase that response from a first-person perspective, we might do so by saying, “Don’t you know who I am? I’m not like other people. Nothing bad will happen to me.”

Most of us have probably encountered others who exhibit a similar mindset, but hopefully, those individuals are relatively few in number. The issue is that such attitudes will be widespread among these future populations. Unfortunately, there is a cost associated with that mentality, and we will close this portion of our study with a look at that price…

“The kings of the earth who committed fornication and lived luxuriously with her will weep and lament for her, when they see the smoke of her burning, standing at a distance for fear of her torment, saying, ‘Alas, alas, that great city Babylon, that mighty city! For in one hour your judgment has come.’ “

And the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her, for no one buys their merchandise anymore: merchandise of gold and silver, precious stones and pearls, fine linen and purple, silk and scarlet, every kind of citron wood, every kind of object of ivory, every kind of object of most precious wood, bronze, iron, and marble; and cinnamon and incense, fragrant oil and frankincense, wine and oil, fine flour and wheat, cattle and sheep, horses and chariots, and bodies and souls of men.

The fruit that your soul longed for has gone from you, and all the things which are rich and splendid have gone from you, and you shall find them no more at all. The merchants of these things, who became rich by her, will stand at a distance for fear of her torment, weeping and wailing, and saying, ‘Alas, alas, that great city that was clothed in fine linen, purple, and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls! For in one hour such great riches came to nothing’…” (Revelation 18:9-17).

“And I heard another voice from heaven saying, ‘Come out of her, my people, lest you share in her sins, and lest you receive of her plagues'” (Revelation 18:4).

We can often identify a self-oriented worldview with a look at the way it frames the issues and circumstances of life. For instance, a mindset that prioritizes self-interest might ask some, or all, of the following questions exclusively when confronting life’s challenges…

• “What’s best for me?”
• “What do I want?”
• “How will this impact me?”

In contrast, a God-honoring mindset first asks a different set of questions. Those questions might include some, or all, of the following:

• “What Biblical teaching or principle can I apply to this situation?”
• “How would God have me respond?”
• “How does this reflect on my relationship with Christ?”

These latter questions (and others like them) can help us maintain the right attitude and avoid the negative repercussions that flow from the godless philosophies we find here in Revelation chapter eighteen.

“For her sins have reached to heaven, and God has remembered her iniquities. Render to her just as she rendered to you, and repay her double according to her works; in the cup which she has mixed, mix double for her. In the measure that she glorified herself and lived luxuriously, in the same measure give her torment and sorrow; for she says in her heart, ‘I sit as queen, and am no widow, and will not see sorrow.’

Therefore her plagues will come in one day–death and mourning and famine. And she will be utterly burned with fire, for strong is the Lord God who judges her” (Revelation 18:5-8).

This reference to a “double repayment” draws our attention to the Old Testament legal mandate for the restitution of stolen property. According to that statute, a convicted thief had to repay twice the value of the property he or she had stolen (see Exodus 22:9). Since a corrupt economic system is unlikely to prioritize righteousness and justice, it may explain why there will be a double repayment “…according to her works.”

We should also consider the mindset that characterized these purchases. The best illustration of that thought process appears in verse seven, where we read, “As she glorified herself and lived in luxury, so give her a like measure of torment and mourning…” (ESV). Here in Revelation 18:7, this reference to glorification encompasses a range of ideas, including the acts of praise, magnification, and honor with respect to oneself. ₍₁₎ If we were to express those qualities with a one-word definition, we might so so with the word “pride.”

(1) G1392 – doxazo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g1392/kjv/tr/0-1/

“…Because of her desires for extravagant luxury, the merchants of the world have grown rich” (Revelation 18:3 NLT).

Our text from Revelation 18:3 allows us to conclude our short discourse on the subjects of wealth and materialism with a few final thoughts. For instance, the Biblical book of 1 Timothy offers two passages that should inform our thinking on these subjects…

“…[Our] trust should be in God, who richly gives us all we need for our enjoyment” (1 Timothy 6:17 NLT). 

“Now godliness with contentment is great gain. For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. And having food and clothing, with these we shall be content. But those who desire to be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and harmful lusts which drown men in destruction and perdition. For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil, for which some have strayed from the faith in their greediness, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows” (1 Timothy 6:6-10).

The verses help provide direction for our purchasing and investment decisions. For example, there is nothing inherently wrong with financial or material wealth, for God richly provides us with all we need for our enjoyment. However, it’s important to recognize that everything we possess is a gift of God’s benevolent provision. Thus, we would be wise to view ourselves as stewards (or managers) of the financial and material resources that God has graciously allowed us to acquire.

Other helpful insights come from the following portions of Jesus’ famous Sermon On The Mount…

“Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and where thieves break in and steal; but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also” (Matthew 6:19-21).

“So don’t worry about these things, saying, ‘What will we eat? What will we drink? What will we wear?’ These things dominate the thoughts of unbelievers, but your heavenly Father already knows all your needs. Seek the Kingdom of God above all else, and live righteously, and he will give you everything you need” (Matthew 6:31-33 NLT).

A lifestyle that honors God through the responsible use of the financial and material resources He provides is one that enriches everyone, including ourselves. These observations will prepare us for entry into the next portion of Revelation eighteen.

Image Attribution: Manager by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0  Picpedia.org

“…the merchants of the earth have become rich by the wealth and economic power of her sensuous luxury” (Revelation 18:3 AMP).

Before we criticize the wealthy in light of this passage, we should remember that the Scriptures identify several God-honoring individuals who were rich in financial and material wealth. ₍₁₎ Thus, we can say that financial and/or material riches alone do not explain the fate that befell those mentioned here in Revelation chapter eighteen. Instead, the underlying issue involved the beliefs and attitudes that shaped the way they managed and used those resources.

Unfortunately, there is a cost associated with the lifestyle mentioned here. In addition to what we read here in Revelation chapter eighteen, the Biblical book of James identifies that cost: “You have lived on earth in luxury and self-indulgence. You have fattened yourselves in the day of slaughter” (James 5:5 NIV).

Notice that James identifies two important parameters in speaking with the wealthy: luxury and self-indulgence. These individuals took the blessings of wealth and prosperity and used those God-given gifts to benefit themselves. Thus, it may be said that their financial and material wealth was not the primary issue; it was what they did with it.

With this in mind, the New Testament epistle of 1 Timothy shows us a better path forward…

“Command those who are rich in this present age not to be haughty, nor to trust in uncertain riches but in the living God, who gives us richly all things to enjoy. Let them do good, that they be rich in good works, ready to give, willing to share, storing up for themselves a good foundation for the time to come, that they may lay hold on eternal life” (1 Timothy 6:17-19).

This underscores the need to capitalize on the opportunities that God makes available to us as we invest the talents, skills, and resources He provides. Acts 20:35 identifies the positive personal benefit that flows from that approach: “…It is more blessed to give than to receive.” Nevertheless, we should also be mindful of Jesus’ cautionary message from the Gospel of Luke as we consider these passages…

“If you are faithful in little things, you will be faithful in large ones. But if you are dishonest in little things, you won’t be honest with greater responsibilities. And if you are untrustworthy about worldly wealth, who will trust you with the true riches of heaven? And if you are not faithful with other people’s things, why should you be trusted with things of your own? (Luke 10-12 NLT).

(1) See discussion in James chapter five here. Abraham was a man of substantial wealth yet he was called a friend of God. Job was also identified as a God-honoring man of wealth and God even doubled his assets following his period of trial. The Old Testament book of Ruth provides us with the example of a man named Boaz, a wealthy man who served as Ruth’s kinsman-redeemer. In the New Testament, we have the example of Joseph of Arimathea (Matthew 27:57-58) as well as Zacchaeus, a wealthy individual who clearly received Jesus’ approval for the manner in which he decided to handle his finances (Luke 19:2-10).

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“After these things I saw another angel coming down from heaven, having great authority, and the earth was illuminated with his glory. And he cried mightily with a loud voice, saying, ‘Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and has become a dwelling place of demons, a prison for every foul spirit, and a cage for every unclean and hated bird! For all the nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth have become rich through the abundance of her luxury” (Revelation 18:1-3).

These verses depict an amazing spectacle. Consider the magnitude of power that would be necessary to allow this angelic being to illuminate the earth. This is especially noteworthy in relation to an earlier passage from Revelation chapter thirteen: “…the throne of the beast, and his kingdom was plunged into darkness” (Revelation 13:10). So much like a spotlight that illuminates criminal activity that occurs under the cover of darkness, God’s angelic agent will illuminate this world for all to see.

Next. we’re told “…all the nations have drunk the maddening wine of her adulteries” (NIV). So this encompasses more than just a single town, region, or country. Instead, this passage tells us that every nation will adopt the same godless economic philosophy. Verse three then goes on to describe the impact of that global phenomenon: “Because of her desires for extravagant luxury, the merchants of the world have grown rich” (NLT).

These verses hold a surprising degree of relevance for modern-day audiences. For instance, if God has blessed us with the opportunity to purchase various luxury items, we should approach those purchases thoughtfully and prayerfully to ensure we are using those resources in a way that honors Him. In addition to our text from Revelation eighteen, the New Testament book of James offers a brutally frank assessment that draws our attention to an attitude we should avoid…

“And now, you rich people, listen to me! Weep and wail over the miseries that are coming upon you! Your riches have rotted away, and your clothes have been eaten by moths. Your gold and silver are covered with rust, and this rust will be a witness against you and will eat up your flesh like fire. 

You have piled up riches in these last days. You have not paid any wages to those who work in your fields. Listen to their complaints! The cries of those who gather in your crops have reached the ears of God, the Lord Almighty. Your life here on earth has been full of luxury and pleasure. You have made yourselves fat for the day of slaughter. You have condemned and murdered innocent people, and they do not resist you” (James 5:1-6 GNT). 

We’ll consider this challenging subject at greater length next.

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In our earlier study of Revelation chapter seventeen, we noted that the Book of Revelation employs the word “Babylon” as a shorthand designation for the blasphemous political, religious, and economic structures that will arise in the future. Those structures have always existed to greater or lesser degrees throughout much of human history, but they will dominate the future that is chronicled for us within this book.

The previous chapter of Revelation also detailed the fall of the blasphemous religious system that will arise during that period. Here now, in Revelation chapter eighteen, we will witness the fiery devastation that will be unleashed upon the godless economic system of that era. And while it is never explicitly mentioned within our text, the underlying presence of idolatry will emerge as one of the core components of that system.

As noted in our survey of Revelation chapter two, we can define an idol as anything that takes God’s place within our lives. When someone elects to replace God with something else at the top of life’s priority scale, that “something” (whatever it is) effectively becomes his or her idol. That alternative doesn’t have to involve a spiritual concept or philosophy. Instead, it might represent an underlying value, ideology, conviction, or belief that serves to establish the principles that guide our lives.

For many, the acquisition of financial and material wealth (along with the status and privilege that accompany it) often represents one such priority. As we consider the economic aspects of the godless worldview described here in Revelation chapter eighteen, we will find that the relentless pursuit of personal gain and financial self-interest will largely shape the narrative of this chapter. The prevailing attitude will be one of self-concern, and to borrow a phrase from modern parlance, “everyone will be in it for themselves.”

Those who witness the downfall of this blasphemous economic system will also demonstrate a callous disregard for the lives that are lost and the destruction that takes place. Instead, their primary concern might be expressed in a single question: “What does this mean for me?” That attitude is far removed from the precepts given to us in the Scriptures…

“Try to do what is good for others, not just what is good for yourselves” (1 Corinthians 10:23 ERV). 

“Each of us should please our neighbors for their good, to build them up” (Romans 15:2 NIV).

“Do not merely look out for your own personal interests, but also for the interests of others” (Philippians 2:4 AMP).

The events of this chapter will thus provide us with an object lesson and an example to avoid.

“And the ten horns that you saw, they and the beast will hate the prostitute. They will make her desolate and naked, and devour her flesh and burn her up with fire” (Revelation 17:16 ESV).

Something unusual happens here in Revelation 17:16, for the members of this godless coalition turn upon one of their own. But how could such a thing occur? The answer may lie in an observation from earlier within this chapter: selfishness is an underlying (bur often overlooked) aspect of any immoral relationship. In this instance, these parties were likely exploiting one another to get something they each desired. That is, until one side no longer needed the other.

First, let’s consider the description of this prostitute from earlier in this chapter: “‘The kings of the earth committed sexual immorality with her, and those who live on the earth became drunk on the wine of her sexual immorality'” (Revelation 17:2 CSB). At one time, the beast and these kings profited from that arrangement in various ways. However, that dynamic shifted dramatically once their need to exploit that relationship ceased to exist.

This serves to remind us of the potential consequences that can befall those who partake in immoral relationships: one side may abandon the other when their needs are no longer being met. Here in Revelation seventeen, that act of abandonment turned violent and destructive when it no longer served one party’s interests.

Another interesting aspect of this passage appears in verse seventeen: “For God has put a plan into their minds, a plan that will carry out his purposes. They will agree to give their authority to the scarlet beast, and so the words of God will be fulfilled” (NLT). By taking this action, God is giving the global population exactly what it desires: the complete absence of God-honoring leadership in the political arena. Thus, the tragic edict of Romans 1:28 will come to fruition once again: “And just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do what should not be done” (NET).

Finally, this chapter ends with an ominous and enigmatic message: “The woman you saw is the great city that rules over the kings of the earth” (NIV). So what prominent city might this refer to? One possibility involves a modern version of the literal, physical city of Babylon. Another possibility is Jerusalem, a place cited in Revelation 11:8 as “the great city… where also our Lord was crucified.” Or it might be Rome, a city that was commonly known to be the greatest city of that era. Finally, it may be an unknown city of the future that has yet to be established.

The closing verses of Revelation chapter seventeen continue with an explanatory discourse on the woman who sat astride a scarlet beast mentioned earlier in verse three…

“The ten horns which you saw are ten kings who have received no kingdom as yet, but they receive authority for one hour as kings with the beast” (Revelation 17:12).

This likely refers to a confederacy of ten nations that will join in solidarity with this beast. The following verse identifies the unquestioned leader of that alliance: “These kings will be of one mind, and they will give their power and authority to the beast” (Revelation 17:13 CEB). So these ten heads of state will pledge their complete allegiance to this beast and his agenda.

But these ten leaders will exhibit more than just solidarity; they will also back their commitment with military power…

“These will make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them, for He is Lord of lords and King of kings; and those who are with Him are called, chosen, and faithful” (Revelation 17:14).

The matter-of-fact tone of this passage hides an astonishing thought: the members of this multi-national alliance actually seem to believe they possess the capability to launch a successful military attack against Jesus Himself. But such a victory is unachievable for “…he is Lord over all lords and King over all kings” (CEV). We should also note that the “called, chosen, and faithful” who accompany Jesus will be there to witness the Lamb’s victorious counter-offensive.

John’s angelic chaperone then concluded his explanation with a few additional insights…

“Then he said to me, ‘The waters which you saw, where the harlot sits, are peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues. And the ten horns which you saw on the beast, these will hate the harlot, make her desolate and naked, eat her flesh and burn her with fire. For God has put it into their hearts to fulfill His purpose, to be of one mind, and to give their kingdom to the beast, until the words of God are fulfilled. And the woman whom you saw is that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth” (Revelation 17:15-18).

This reference to “…masses of people of every nation and language” (NLT) highlights the global nature of the godless religious philosophy held by those who are represented here. That philosophy is not merely indifferent to the things of God; instead, it violently opposes them, as evidenced by this hapless attempt to defeat the Lamb through the use of military force.

We’ll conclude our look at Revelation chapter seventeen with some final thoughts from this passage next.

We can begin our exploration of the central portion of Revelation chapter seventeen with a closer look at verse eight: “The beast that you saw was, and is not, and will ascend out of the bottomless pit and go to perdition” (NIV). This enigmatic reference may make better sense if we view it from the perspective of John, the author of Revelation.

The beast mentioned here “was” in the sense that it existed prior to the scene John witnessed. It “now is not” (NIV) because it was held within the bottomless pit (or Abyss) during the period when the book of Revelation was originally authored. Finally, it “shall ascend out of the bottomless pit” (KJV) in the future when these events take place.

We get some further insight in verse nine: “…The seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman sits.” Some Biblical scholars view this passage as a reference to the city of Rome, a city that is historically recognized as “the city on seven hills.” Verse ten then continues by saying, “There are also seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come. And when he comes, he must continue a short time.”

From a Scriptural perspective, there have been six global powers that have arisen on the Biblical timeline: Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. Each of those first four empires played a significant role in Old Testament history. The fifth, Greece, provided the language that was used to author the books of the New Testament. Those five kingdoms may represent the “five kings that have fallen” mentioned in Revelation 17:10.

These kingdoms were “fallen” in the sense that they were superseded by the sixth world power: Rome. The Roman Empire dominated the known world of John’s day, but has long since faded into history. That leaves us with the seventh “king” whose kingdom has yet to come to fruition. This seventh kingdom “must remain only for a little while” (NIV) which likely means that it will be quickly replaced by the eighth king seen in verse eleven: “The beast that was, and is not, is himself also the eighth, and is of the seven, and is going to perdition” (NIV).

This eighth kingdom belongs to the seven previous kingdoms in the sense that it shares the same godless characteristics. This reference to “perdition” conveys the idea of waste, ruin, or the loss of well-being. ₍₁₎ One source associates this word with “the destruction which consists of eternal misery in hell.” ₍₂₎ This eighth kingdom thus shares another characteristic with the seven previous kingdoms; they each share the same eternal destination.

(1) See G684 apoleia Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Dictionaries and Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words © 1985, Thomas Nelson Publishers, https://biblehub.com/greek/684.htm

(2) G684 apoleia Thayer’s Greek Definitions https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g684/kjv/tr/0-1/

“I saw the woman, drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus. And when I saw her, I marveled with great amazement” (Revelation 17:6).

It’s easy to understand our author’s astonishment at the scene presented to him in the opening verses of Revelation chapter seventeen. After all, if we were presented with the image of a finely-attired woman who proved to be a drunken, bloodthirsty, prostitute, we’d likely be amazed as well. However, our author’s angelic escort was quick to address that response…

“But the angel said to me, ‘Why did you marvel? I will tell you the mystery of the woman and of the beast that carries her, which has the seven heads and the ten horns.

The beast that you saw was, and is not, and will ascend out of the bottomless pit and go to perdition. And those who dwell on the earth will marvel, whose names are not written in the Book of Life from the foundation of the world, when they see the beast that was, and is not, and yet is.

Here is the mind which has wisdom: The seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman sits. There are also seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come. And when he comes, he must continue a short time. The beast that was, and is not, is himself also the eighth, and is of the seven, and is going to perdition.

The ten horns which you saw are ten kings who have received no kingdom as yet, but they receive authority for one hour as kings with the beast. These are of one mind, and they will give their power and authority to the beast. These will make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them, for He is Lord of lords and King of kings; and those who are with Him are called, chosen, and faithful'” (Revelation 17:7-14).

The symbolic imagery behind this passage is difficult to unravel, and there is no single answer that is likely to satisfy every reader of these verses. Nevertheless, we should not find fault with this angelic explanation. The real issue is related to our understanding of that explanation. This should not deter us from a prayerful effort to understand these symbolic elements; instead, it should encourage us to seek the Author of these verses for additional insight.

With these things in mind, we can draw encouragement from a familiar portion of Scripture as we wrestle with this difficult passage…

“Now we see things imperfectly, like puzzling reflections in a mirror, but then we will see everything with perfect clarity. All that I know now is partial and incomplete, but then I will know everything completely, just as God now knows me completely” (1 Corinthians 13:12 NLT).

“On her forehead a mysterious name was written: I AM THE GREAT CITY OF BABYLON, THE MOTHER OF EVERY IMMORAL AND FILTHY THING ON EARTH” (Revelation 17:5 CEV).

The Scriptures mention ” Babylon” over two hundred and fifty times within the pages of the Old and New Testaments. We can gain insight into the spiritual aspect of “Babylon” when we examine this word in greater detail. The name “Babylon” is derived from the word “babel.” The “Bab” portion of that word means “gate” and the “el” portion refers to God. When we put those segments together, we arrive at the following definition: “gateway to God.” ₍₁₎

Humanity’s most obvious attempt to build such a gateway appears in Genesis chapter eleven. That portion of Scripture relates the account of the Tower Of Babel…

“Now the whole earth had one language and one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there. Then they said to one another, ‘Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly.’ They had brick for stone, and they had asphalt for mortar. And they said, ‘Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top is in the heavens; let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad over the face of the whole earth'” (Genesis 11:1-4).

So these builders had two primary objectives…

1. They sought to construct a tower that would enable them to advance to the heavens on their own terms.
2. They sought to make a name for themselves.

However, there was someone who was notably absent from that building project. That Person was God Himself. This helps us understand this reference to Babylon in our text from Revelation 17:5. The Babylonian approach to religious observance, political leadership, and/or economic practice is characterized by a human-oriented ideology. That mindset has little or no concern for God or His will (if it acknowledges God at all). Instead, it seeks self-deification on its own merits, often in an aggressively humanistic fashion.

This philosophical perspective is rooted in the ancient mindset that sought to erect the Tower of Babel. ₍₂₎ Unfortunately, that ideology may sometimes lead to violent confrontations with those who seek to honor God. For instance, Revelation 17:6 will go on to tell us that this woman was intoxicated with the blood of God’s saints. That disturbing word-picture reminds us that peaceful co-existence between those who serve God and those who don’t, may be an elusive ideal.

Thus, we can apply Jesus’ message to His disciples in a modern-day context: “Now go, but remember, I am sending you like lambs into a pack of wolves” (Luke 10:3 CEV).

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(1) See G897 – babylon – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g897/kjv/tr/0-1/ and “Babylon” – Easton’s Bible Dictionary – Bible Gateway. (n.d.). https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/eastons-bible-dictionary/Babylon

(2) For a detailed study of this topic see Genesis – Chapter Eleven https://traed.net/wp-content/uploads/11-Genesis-Chapter-Eleven.pdf

“And on her forehead was written a name of mystery: ‘Babylon the great, mother of prostitutes and of earth’s abominations'” (Revelation 17:5 ESV).

During our earlier study of Revelation chapter thirteen, we looked at the meaning behind the “mark of the beast.” According to Revelation 13:16, that mark will be placed on one’s right hand or forehead, two locations that are highly symbolic. For instance, consider how we employ such references today.

Let’s say we have someone who is naturally adept at fixing or repairing various items. We might refer that person as someone who is “handy.” Or perhaps we might associate a high-quality piece of “handiwork” with the labor of a skilled craftsman. With these things in mind, we can view this reference to one’s hand as an allusion to the work or activity of our lives. This is especially true of the “right hand,” a term that symbolizes power or authority.

In a similar manner, the “forehead” serves to represent our thought life. In other words, this reference alludes to what we think or who we are. We can see an example of this imagery in the efforts of two or more people who “put their heads together” to solve a challenging problem.

We can also apply this idea to our text from Revelation 17:5. For example, the label written on this woman’s forehead offers a revealing insight into her inner nature. Her beautiful clothing and precious jewelry masked an inner mindset that was preoccupied with obscenities (NLT), abominations (NKJV), and detestable things (CSB).

We should also note the use of the word “mystery” in regard to this woman. This conveys the idea of something that is not obvious to the understanding. ₍₁₎ While others may have been blinded by her opulent appearance, God has personally unveiled the reality that lies within.

The reference to “great” is a derivative of the ancient word “mega,” a word that is still employed today as a prefix in words such as megaphone, megabyte, or megahertz. This refers to something large, weighty, or powerful. In the context of our text from Revelation 17:5, it can also mean “…full of arrogance, derogatory to the majesty of God.” ₍₂₎

This brings us to another reference to the word “Babylon.” As mentioned previously, “Babylon” refers to a place, as well as an attitude or mindset. To illustrate this idea, let’s consider three modern-day locations within the United States…

• Hollywood: “Hollywood” is a place, but it is also used to represent the filmmaking industry.
• Wall Street: Wall Street is a literal street, as well as a financial center.
• Detroit: Detroit is a city, but also refers to a center of automotive design and manufacturing.

In a similar manner, “Babylon” represents a historic location, as well as a blasphemous political, religious, and economic ideology.

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(1) G3466 – mysterion – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g3466/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) G3173 – megas – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g3173/kjv/mgnt/0-1/