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Romans – Chapter One XXV

by Ed Urzi January 23, 2026

“For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of His Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers, making request if, by some means, now at last I may find a way in the will of God to come to you” (Romans 1:9-10).

It seems interesting that the Apostle Paul called upon God to serve as a corroborating witness to his prayers for the congregation at Rome. Of course, the church at Rome wasn’t the only congregation Paul was praying for, as we learn in his epistles to the Ephesian (Ephesians 1:15-16), Philippian (Philippians 1:3-4), Colossian (Colossians 1:3-4), and Thessalonian (1Thessalonians 1:2-3) churches.

Even though Paul had many acquaintances who attended the church at Rome, it appears that few (if any) of them were aware of his prayers on their behalf. Paul’s quiet, prayerful dedication to their well-being thus serves as a model for us to emulate. It should also prompt us to consider the following counsel from Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount…

“Beware of practicing your righteousness before other people in order to be seen by them, for then you will have no reward from your Father who is in heaven… And when you pray, you must not be like the hypocrites. For they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and at the street corners, that they may be seen by others. Truly, I say to you, they have received their reward. But when you pray, go into your room and shut the door and pray to your Father who is in secret. And your Father who sees in secret will reward you” (Matthew 6:1, 5-6 ESV).

Paul will later go on to mention the obstacles that prevented him from fulfilling his desire to visit Rome in verse thirteen. But despite those setbacks, Paul never ceased in his heartfelt prayers for the members of that congregation. In taking this prayerful approach, Paul sought to align himself with God’s will in acting on his desire to meet the members of the Roman fellowship and enjoy their company. And while Paul did indeed make it to Rome, the circumstances of his arrival there were probably not what he expected at the time he authored this epistle.

Nevertheless, God used the opportunity of that delay to produce the Biblical masterpiece we know today Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Thus, as Paul will later write in a well-known and beloved portion of this letter, “And we know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose” (Romans 8:28).

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Romans – Chapter One XXIV

by Ed Urzi January 22, 2026

“First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world” (Romans 1:8).

As mentioned earlier, Romans 1:1-7 forms the longest introductory greeting among Paul the Apostle’s Biblical epistles. But now that those formalities are complete, our author is prepared to undertake his first order of business here in verse eight. This involved a warmer and more personal tone that began when Paul essentially said, “Let me start by telling you something.”

The Living Bible translation of this passage captures the exuberant spirit of that “something” in its paraphrase of this verse: “Let me say first of all that wherever I go I hear you being talked about! For your faith in God is becoming known around the world. How I thank God through Jesus Christ for this good report, and for each one of you.”

We can better understand Paul’s sense of enthusiasm when we remember that Rome was the capital city of an empire that dominated the known world of that era. To have such an excellent witness for Christ in the very heart of that empire was truly cause for rejoicing. This was especially true when we consider the fact that Paul interacted with other congregations (such as those in Corinth, Galatia, and Crete) who struggled with reputations that were less than stellar.

This passage also marks the first appearance of the most significant word in this epistle: faith. One Biblical scholar highlights the various applications of this word as it appears here in the Book of Romans. For example, the word “faith” is used in three distinct ways…

1. Verse 5. It is used of a body of truths or doctrines related to Jesus and the Christian life (cf. Acts 6:7; 13:8; 14:22; 16:5; Rom. 14:1; 16:26; Gal. 1:23; 6:10; Jude 3, 20).

2. Verse 8. It is used in the sense of personal trust in Jesus. The English terms “believe,” “faith,” and “trust” all translate one Greek term (pistis/pisteuo). The gospel is both conceptual (doctrine) and personal (cf. v.16; John 1:12; 3:16).

3. Verse 17. It is used in its OT sense of trustworthiness, loyalty, or dependability. This is the meaning of Hab. 2:4. In the OT there was not a developed doctrine of faith, but example after example of lives of faith (cf. Abraham in Gen. 15:6), not perfect faith but struggling faith (cf. Hebrews 11). The hope of mankind is not in their ability to perform or believe correctly, but in God’s character (cf. Rom. 3:24; 6:23; Eph. 2:8-9). Only God is faithful (cf. Deut. 7:9; Isa. 49:7; Mal. 3:6; 1 Cor. 1:9; 10:13)! (1)

Image Attribution: Photo by Dawn Hudson, CC0 Public Domain, via Public Domain Pictures.net

(1) Dr. Bob Utley. Free Bible Commentary, Copyright © 2014 Bible Lessons International. Romans 1. (n.d.). https://www.freebiblecommentary.org/new_testament_studies/VOL05/VOL05_01.html

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Romans – Chapter One XXIII

by Ed Urzi January 21, 2026

“To all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ” (Romans 1:7).

In speaking of those who are “…called to be saints,” Romans 1:7 employs a familiar term that is often poorly understood. For instance, some view the word “saint” as a designation that the church confers upon an exceptionally devout person. Others use this word to describe a resilient individual who perseveres through a host of adversities without complaint.

However, this word takes on a different meaning when it appears in a Biblical context. In the original language of this passage, the word translated “saint” refers to one who is “separated”, or “set apart.” Vine’s Expository Dictionary expands on this definition with the following insight: “In the plural, as used of believers, it designates all such and is not applied merely to persons of exceptional holiness, or to those who, having died, were characterized by exceptional acts of ‘saintliness.’”(1)

In light of this, we can say there is no scriptural basis to support the act of elevating an individual (or a select group of individuals) to the rank of sainthood. From a Biblical perspective, no human institution holds the ability to appoint someone to that position, for every man and woman in Christ is already acknowledged to be a saint. Thus, everyone who possesses genuine faith in Christ is declared to be set apart, and called to be saints.

This passage also features a greeting that serves as a recurring feature of Paul the Apostle’s New Testament letters: “Grace to you and peace…” We can find variations of that salutation in virtually all of Paul’s Biblical epistles…

“…Grace to you and peace” (1 Thessalonians 1:1).

“…Grace, mercy, and peace from God our Father and Jesus Christ our Lord” (1 Timothy 1:2).

“…Grace, mercy, and peace from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Savior” (Titus 1:4).

There are similar examples in 2 Corinthians 1:2, Galatians 1:3, Ephesians 1:2, Philippians 1:2, Colossians 1:2, Philemon 1:3, and 2 Timothy 1:2 as well. While there are some variations in these greetings, these references to grace and peace are consistent among them, and are always found in that specific order.

This makes good sense, for it is through Jesus’ sacrificial death that God graciously enables human beings to enter a relationship with Him. Thus, grace (the unmerited favor that God extends to us in Christ) leads to peace with our Creator and peace with others.

(1) Saint (-s) hagios (G40) Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words, © 1984, 1996, Thomas Nelson, Inc.

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Romans – Chapter One XXII

by Ed Urzi January 20, 2026

“Through Him we have received grace and apostleship for obedience to the faith among all nations for His name, among whom you also are the called of Jesus Christ” (Romans 1:5-6).

Romans 1:5 features a rather humble acknowledgment from the Apostle Paul. You see, Paul did not view his role as an apostle as one that would permit him to lord his authority over others. Instead, he received that authority to serve a higher purpose: to bring about the “obedience of faith” (CSB) among those who were also called of Jesus Christ.

This reference to the “obedience of faith” is an interesting turn of phrase. The first element is obedience, a word that refers to an act of compliance or submission. (1) The second is faith, or a conviction regarding the truth of something. (2) This word-picture implies that genuine faith should lead us to act in obedience to God and His Word. The New Testament epistle of 1 John builds upon this idea in practical terms…

“Whoever says ‘I know him’ but does not keep his commandments is a liar, and the truth is not in him, but whoever keeps his word, in him truly the love of God is perfected. By this we may know that we are in him: whoever says he abides in him ought to walk in the same way in which he walked” (1 John 2:4-6).

As Jesus also told His disciples, “If you love me, you will obey what I command” (John 14:15 NIV). The underlying principle is that those who adhere to Jesus’ commandments show their love for Him and demonstrate the reality of their faith.

Verse six then concludes with a reference to “Jesus Christ.” Although some mistakenly interpret “Jesus Christ” as a first and last name, it is not a name in the conventional sense. Let’s begin with “Jesus.” Jesus is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew name Joshua. “Joshua” means, “Yahweh (God’s covenant name) (3) saves” or, “The Lord is salvation.” In its basic form, the word “salvation” conveys the idea of “deliverance” and refers to God’s liberation of human beings from their state of separation from Him. So, Jesus’ name embodies the core message of deliverance or salvation from our state of separation from God.

Next is the word “Christ.” This word is derived from the Greek term “Christos” and refers to the Messiah or “Anointed One.” It served to identify the redeemer of the Jewish people, the One who would save them from their enemies. So, a more accurate view of this phrase would be to say that “Jesus” is a name, while “Christ” identifies His title or office.

(1) G5218 – hypakoe – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g5218/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) G4102 – pistis – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4102/kjv/tr/0-1/

(3) See Stewart, D. (2020, June 9). Why is God called Yahweh? Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/the-attributes-of-god-that-belong-to-him-alone/22-why-is-god-called-yahweh.cfm

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Romans – Chapter One XXI

by Ed Urzi January 19, 2026

“concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh and was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord” (Romans 1:3-4 ESV).

While Jesus’ ancestral relationship to Israel’s king David undoubtedly held great interest for the Jewish members of the church at Rome, those who hailed from other cultural backgrounds were another matter. Since non-Jewish readers might be less impressed with Jesus’ hereditary relationship to a long-deceased king of Israel, Paul the Apostle highlighted a historic event of broader significance: “…he was shown with great power to be the Son of God by being raised from death” (GNT).

One commentary illustrates the significance of these references to Jesus’ humanity and His resurrection…

“The expression according to the flesh implies that our Lord is more than a man. The words mean as to His humanity. If Christ were only a man, it would be unnecessary to single out this feature of His being, since there would be no other. But He is more than a man, as the next verse shows.” (1)

This brings us to several important truths regarding the person and work of Christ. Jesus is, and always has been, God’s divine Son. But God the Father “publicly identified” (CEB) His divinity through His resurrection from the dead. In other words, Jesus’ resurrection did not cause him to become the Son of God; instead, it served to confirm His deity.

These details are important, for Jesus “…was made of the seed of David” (KJV) in His human nature, but “…declared to be the Son of God” (ESV). Scholars refer to this concept as the hypostatic union, and it offers an easy way to express the Biblical teaching we find here in Romans 1:3-4: Jesus is one Person with two natures, one fully divine and one fully human. Those two natures are unified in one Person: Jesus, the God-man.

Another source offers a helpful synopsis of this important doctrine…

“A cardinal doctrine of the Christian faith is that in the one Person of Jesus Christ, through the incarnation two natures were united. One, the nature of perfect humanity, and the other the nature of deity (Hebrews 2:14-17;Galatians 4:4; Rom 1:3; Acts 2:29-30; John 7:42). This is known as the hypostatic union. When the eternal Word took a human nature at the incarnation (John 1:14) the Son took a real human nature including human flesh. The Son has existed from all eternity with the Father and the Holy Spirit (John 1:1; 8:58).” (2)

Therefore, the resurrection did not make Jesus the Son of God; it simply revealed who He really was. (3)

(1) William Macdonald, Believer’s Bible Commentary Edited by Arthur Farstad. Thomas Nelson Publishers (1 Corinthians 15:10) p.1666

(3) Watchman Fellowship Profile Notebook (2023) “The Church of God in Christ, Mennonite” https://www.watchman.org/

(3) See J. Vernon McGee, Thru The Bible with J. Vernon McGee, “Romans 1:1-7” Copyright 1981 by J. Vernon McGee

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Romans – Chapter One XX

by Ed Urzi January 16, 2026

“concerning His Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh, and declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead” (Romans 1:3-4).

To further support the fact that his gospel message originated in the prophetic books of the Old Testament Scriptures, Paul the Apostle continued with a reference to Jesus, “…who as to his human nature was a descendant of David” (NIV). This was an important point to establish with his Jewish audience, many of whom were familiar with the messianic prophecies that specified the Messiah’s descent through the lineage of Israel’s king David.

Nevertheless, this passage offers greater theological depth than its brevity might suggest. Several commentators can help us remain Biblically accurate when considering these important references to Christ. We can begin with this reference to “…Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh” (KJV)…

“‘Was made’ is Ginomai in a second aorist participle signifying entrance into a new condition. The verb means ‘to become.’ John uses it in his statement, ‘The Word became flesh’ (Joh 1:14), that is, entered into a new state or condition by assuming a human body and putting Himself under human limitations.” (1)

Next is a reference to the “Son of David,” a phrase that is repeatedly linked to Jesus in the New Testament Scriptures…

“This relates to the prophecy of 2 Samuel 7; 1 Chronicles 17. The Messiah was of the royal line of David (cf. Isa. 9:7; 11:1,10; Jer. 23:5; 30:9; 33:15) from the tribe of Judah (cf. Gen. 49:4-12; Isa. 65:9). In Matthew’s Gospel Jesus is acknowledged as David’s descendant several times (cf. Matt. 1:6; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30,31; 21:9,15; 22:42), which reflected the Jewish hope of a coming Davidic savior.” (2)

The phrase “according to the flesh” also speaks of Jesus’ genealogical descent from Israel’s king David…

“Matthew 1 gives the genealogical proof that Jesus, in His humanity, was a direct descendant of Abraham and David through Joseph, Jesus’ legal father. The genealogy in Luke 3 traces Jesus’ lineage through His mother, Mary. Jesus is a descendant of David by adoption through Joseph and by blood through Mary. ‘As to his earthly life [Christ Jesus] was a descendant of David’” (Romans 1:3).” (3)

Our final commentator ties these data points together…

“This Jesus had both a human origin (born of the seed of David according to the flesh), and an eternal existence (declared to be the Son of God). The evidence of Jesus’ humanity is His human birth; the evidence of His deity is His resurrection from the dead.” (4)

(1) Kenneth S. Wuest, Word Studies in the Greek New Testament (note on Romans 1:2-4) Copyright © 1942-55 by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

(2) Dr. Bob Utley. Free Bible Commentary, Copyright © 2014 Bible Lessons International. Romans 1. (n.d.). https://www.freebiblecommentary.org/new_testament_studies/VOL05/VOL05_01.html

(3) GotQuestions.org. (2025, May 5). GotQuestions.org. https://www.gotquestions.org/Jesus-son-of-David.html

(4) Guzik, David. Enduring Word. (2025, April 3). Enduring Word Bible Commentary Romans Chapter 1. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/romans-1/

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Romans – Chapter One XIX

by Ed Urzi January 15, 2026

After he embarked on his second missionary journey, Paul the Apostle took advantage of an opportunity to discuss the resurrection of Christ with the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers of his day. The Biblical book of Acts chronicles their response to Paul’s gospel message…

“When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, ‘What’s this babbler trying to say with these strange ideas he’s picked up?’ Others said, ‘He seems to be preaching about some foreign gods'” (Acts 17:18 NLT).

The allegation that Paul was someone who promoted a foreign (or perhaps imaginary) god was far from accurate. However, it’s possible that some members of the Roman congregation had been exposed to those accusations. So, to counter those charges, it appears that Paul launched something of a pre-emptive strike beginning in Romans 1:2. That portion of Scripture begins with an important declaration…

“which He promised before through His prophets in the Holy Scriptures” (Romans 1:2).

Paul will advance two lines of argument over the course of the next few verses. The first was primarily designed to benefit the Jewish members of his audience and others who were familiar with the Old Testament Scriptures. In making this claim here in verse two, Paul effectively communicated an important truth: “The message I proclaim is not something that sprang from my own intellect or imagination; it was promised in advance through the prophets in the Holy Scriptures.”

In other words, Paul did not advocate a “foreign god” or new religion. Instead, he proclaimed the same good news that was predicted by God’s prophets. Those Old Testament prophets foretold of a New Covenant and a Messiah whose sacrifice would bring hope and redemption. So in making this connection, Paul established a complimentary relationship between these Old and New Covenants.

While other religious traditions maintained their own collections of “sacred texts,” Paul had a precise definition in mind in referring to “the Holy Scriptures”…

“The New Testament uses the term Scripture in a technical sense. It occurs some fifty times, and in most cases it refers unmistakably to the Old Testament as a whole. To first century Christians, the word Scripture meant primarily the sacred canon of the Old Testament, which is called ‘sacred Scriptures’ (II Tim. 3:15…) or ‘holy scriptures’ (Rom. 1:2). These they acknowledged to be ‘inspired of God’ (II Tim. 3: 16…) and the rule for faith and practice (v. 17; cf. Rom. 15:4).” (1)

So, Paul made certain to establish an important foundation: the gospel he proclaimed did not originate with him, but proceeded from God. In making this reference to the prophets of the Old Testament,  Paul was diligent to root his message in the authority of God’s Word.

(1) Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1968). A General Introduction to the Bible. [pg. 74]

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Romans – Chapter One XVIII

by Ed Urzi January 14, 2026

“Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God–” (Romans 1:1 NIV).

So, Paul was called to be an apostle, but to what purpose? Well, that purpose is made clear in the verse quoted above where Paul tells us he was “set apart for the gospel of God.” This tells us that Paul was called to the apostolic mission of preaching the gospel (or “good news”) that…

  • Jesus’ death served as the payment for the penalty of sin.
  • By trusting in Him, we can be forgiven and inherit eternal life.

Of course, there are other “gospels” (spiritual and non-spiritual) that also purport to be good news but are actually something else. For example, some “gospels” emphasize good works, moral living, or strict allegiance to a set of religious principles as the path to favor with God. Then there are secular “gospels” that promote the superficial allure of social popularity or wealth accumulation as the keys to happiness and satisfaction in life.

But those “gospels” are not the “gospel of God” Paul references here in Romans 1:1. Unfortunately, the same may often be said of sermons that routinely focus on something other than a study of God’s Word. One pastoral commentator takes the opportunity of this passage to offer a timely reminder…

“If you can take Jesus Christ out of a sermon without affecting it, you’re probably wasting your time listening to it. If you can take Jesus Christ out of a book without affecting it, you’re probably wasting your time reading it. Paul wasn’t separated unto the good advice of Christian living. He was separated to the Good News of God.” (1)

We can often identify the presence of such teaching with the following question: “How much Scripture does this person use in his or her book, message, or sermon?” Spiritual presentations that routinely feature little or no Biblical text should thus serve as warnings. The insight offered by another source is one that bears repeating in this regard…

“…There are various ways to use the word of God deceitfully, or to tamper with it. Using a Bible text to preach a ‘sermon’ that has little or nothing to do with the Bible is one of the common ways of doing it.” (2)

Thus, as we close our look at the opening verse of Romans chapter one, our final commentator summarizes Paul’s introduction in verse one: “The author introduces himself in the first verses of Romans by name (Paul), by identity (bondservant), by vocation (apostle), and by purpose (separated to the gospel of God). (3)

Image Attribution :Gospel Messenger, The (1884), Internet Archive Book Images, Public Domain via flickr.com

(1) Jon Courson, Jon Courson’s Application Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2003), 866.

(2) Paul T. Butler. The Bible Study Textbook Series, Studies In Second Corinthians (College Press) [p. 93] Copyright © 1988 College Press Publishing Company https://archive.org/stream/BibleStudyTextbookSeriesSecondCorinthians/132Corinthians-Butler_djvu.txt

(3) Earl D. Radmacher, Ronald Barclay Allen, and H. Wayne House, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Commentary (Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1999), 1421.

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Romans – Chapter One XVII

by Ed Urzi January 13, 2026

“From Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God” (Romans 1:1 NET).

We should note the sequence here in Paul the Apostle’s introductory message to the church at Rome. Notice that Paul first identified himself as a slave of Christ, and then as an apostle. So even though Paul was called to an apostolic leadership position, that call was rooted in his servant relationship to Christ.

We can clarify this idea of a “calling” with a look at the following excerpt from the Gospel of Mark…

“And [Jesus] went up on the mountain and called to Him those He Himself wanted. And they came to Him. Then He appointed twelve, that they might be with Him and that He might send them out to preach” (Mark 3:13-14).

This initial reference to Jesus’ “calling” involved a summons or invitation. (1) That was followed by an appointment, or the act of making or doing something. (2) While there is some overlap in these definitions, they convey the general idea of a “call to the performance of a thing.” (3)

So Paul clearly viewed his ministry as a divine invitation or appointment. (4) In a similar manner, we can often discern God’s call on our lives by conducting a prayerful assessment of the gifts, talents, skills, abilities, interests, desires, blessings, and opportunities He has given us. One commentator offers several insights from this passage as we consider God’s call to our own life’s work…

“Paul never thought of himself as a man who had aspired to an honour; he thought of himself as a man who had been given a task. Jesus said to his men, ‘You did not choose me, but I chose you’ (Joh_15:16). Paul did not think of life in terms of what he wanted to do, but in terms of what God meant him to do… Paul knew himself to be chosen not for special honour, but for special responsibility.” (4)

That brings us to Paul’s self-identification as an apostle. In a Biblical context, the word “apostle” identifies someone who fulfills the role of a commissioned representative. much like an ambassador or spokesperson. Thus, we can say that an apostle is someone who has been entrusted with the power and authority to act as a representative of Christ.

However, the Biblical apostles (like Paul) held several important qualifications that set them apart from anyone who claims the role of a modern-day apostle. For example…

  • They were first-century eyewitnesses of Jesus following His resurrection (John 20:26-28, 1 Corinthians 9:1).
  • They were personally selected by Jesus to serve as apostles (Matthew 10:1-4, Acts 9:10-16).
  • They possessed the God-given ability to perform miracles (Acts 2:43, Acts 19:11-12).

While the ministry of an apostle no longer exists in a Biblical sense, we can still fulfill this important role as “ambassadors for Christ” as we represent Him to others.

(1) G4341 proskaleo. (n.d.). billmounce.com. https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/proskaleo

(2) G4160 – poieo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4160/kjv/tr/0-1/

(3) G2822 – kletos – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g2822/kjv/tr/0-1/

(4) Barclay, William. “Commentary on Romans 1”. “William Barclay’s Daily Study Bible”. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dsb/romans-1.html. 1956-1959.

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Romans – Chapter One XVI

by Ed Urzi January 12, 2026

“Paul, a bond-servant of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle (special messenger, personally chosen representative), set apart for [preaching] the gospel of God [the good news of salvation]” (Romans 1:1 AMP).

The Biblical book of Acts tells us that God enabled Paul the Apostle to perform miracles that were so astounding that some began to revere him as a god (see Acts 14:8-15). But Paul preemptively dismissed that notion for the benefit of his Roman audience by identifying himself as a “bond-servant of Christ.”

In the original language of the passage, the word “bondservant” is a direct translation of the word “doulos.” (1) That term denotes someone who willingly relinquishes his or her rights, privileges, and entitlements in service to another. While ordinary servants might welcome an opportunity to gain their freedom, a bondservant is someone who willingly accepts that position. One Biblical scholar expands on these definitions with the following insights…

“The Greek word doulos, which is the word servant in the KJV, is more accurately translated by the word slave. In the ancient world a servant was a hired employee who could come and go and even resign if he wanted. But a doulos was owned by a kyrios, a master or lord. He was the purchased property of the slave owner.

This imagery is frequently used in the New Testament to reflect the relationship between Christ and his people. We belong to Christ—our kyrios, our Lord and Master. He has the right of an owner to impose obligation on us. Because Paul so clearly understood that believers have been purchased by the blood of Jesus Christ, he called himself a doulos, or slave, of Jesus Christ.” (2)

Paul was one of several New Testament leaders to adopt this title, a list that included Peter (2 Peter 1:1), Epaphras (Colossians 4:12), James (James 1:1), and Jude (Jude 1:1). But even more significant is the fact that Jesus leads by example in this area…

“Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus, who, being in the form of God, did not consider it robbery to be equal with God, but made Himself of no reputation, taking the form of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of men. And being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross” (Philippians 2:5-8).

With this in mind, the following portion of Jesus’ message to His disciples at the last supper adds an important layer of understanding to our text from Romans 1:1…

“For I have given you an example, that you should do as I have done to you. Most assuredly, I say to you, a servant is not greater than his master; nor is he who is sent greater than he who sent him. If you know these things, blessed are you if you do them” (John 13:12-17).

(1) G1401 doulos https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g1401/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) Sproul, R. C. (1992). Before the face of God: Book 1: A daily guide for living from the book of Romans (electronic ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House; Ligonier Ministries.

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Romans – Chapter One XV

by Ed Urzi January 9, 2026

“Romans serves as the flagship of the fleet of Pauline letters within the New Testament.” (1)

The first chapter of the Book of Romans introduces us to the central theme of this great Biblical book. That theme involves God’s righteousness and humanity’s relation to it. Romans chapter one will also explore the nature of humanity’s rebellion against God, along with the destructive consequences associated with that rebellion. But before we delve into those topics, let’s begin with first things first.

When traveling outside our home country, it’s important to carry a valid passport or similar form of identification. A passport serves to validate our identity and authenticate the person we claim to be. Without those credentials, our capacity to travel abroad would be greatly limited. In keeping with this idea, Paul the Apostle will lay out his “credentials” here in the opening verses of Romans, chapter one.

Those credentials help form Paul’s statement of faith and establish his authority to speak about Jesus’ life and ministry…

“Paul, a bondservant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated to the gospel of God” (Romans 1:1).

This opening salutation will continue through verse seven and forms the longest introductory greeting in any of Paul’s New Testament epistles. However, the first verse of this letter offers a remarkably concise description of who Paul is and what he does. We’ll explore these aspects of Paul’s identity at greater length over the next few studies.

It’s also interesting to note that Paul’s name constitutes the very first word of this epistle. Today, we typically sign our names or identify ourselves at the end of a handwritten message. But in the first century, it was customary to begin a piece of correspondence with the name of the author, the recipient’s name, and a greeting. In accordance with that first-century custom, Paul identified himself as the author of this epistle right at the beginning of his opening sentence.

However, there was a practical reason for ancient writers to “sign” their names at the beginning of their correspondence…

“All letters and other written communications, in New Testament times, were written upon parchments and conveyed to their recipients in rolled-up form; and that ancient style of letter required, as a practical consideration, that the signature of the writer be at the beginning. Otherwise, it would have been necessary to unroll the entire scroll to find the name of the sender. Therefore, Paul followed the custom of the times in placing his name along with the salutation in the beginning of the epistle.” (2)

(1) Earl D. Radmacher, Ronald Barclay Allen, and H. Wayne House, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Commentary (Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1999), 1420.

(2) Coffman, James Burton. “Commentary on Romans 1”. “Coffman’s Commentaries on the Bible”. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/bcc/romans-1.html. Abilene Christian University Press, Abilene, Texas, USA. 1983-1999.

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Romans – Chapter One XIV

by Ed Urzi January 8, 2026

Although it appears that the Apostle Paul (along with the Apostle Peter) were both martyred in Rome, it seems unlikely that either of those great Apostles founded the the church there. The church at Rome likely began when those who were present for the events that occurred in Acts chapter two and made their way back to the capital city. Others may have sought refuge from persecution (Acts 8:1-4), Once in Rome, their paths converged with those who had heard and believed the gospel and the nascent church was born.

With such a patchwork of cultures and personalities coexisting together, Paul was uniquely qualified to help the Roman congregation grow into spiritual maturity. Consider how Paul was God’s “man for the job” with respect to the church at Rome…

  • First, Paul was an academic scholar who taught with the authority of an apostle.
  • However, Paul also had to labor to support himself on occasion. Thus, he was familiar with the struggles and challenges of working life.
  • Paul had command of multiple languages, a great advantage when communicating with multilingual audiences.
  • He also possessed an exhaustive knowledge of Judaism and its related traditions. In fact, the Book of Romans contains dozens of quotations from the Old Testament Scriptures.
  • Nevertheless, Paul did not live a religiously sheltered life, for he was deeply familiar with Greek and Roman culture.
  • By his own admission, Paul was a poor orator, but he spoke from the perspective of a knowledgeable and experienced world traveler.

Thus, Paul was well-qualified to speak with with the members of this culturally diverse fellowship. However, the Book of Romans also reveals that Paul had a few agenda items of his own with respect to these believers…

  • He sought to establish a mutually edifying and encouraging relationship with them (1:12).
  • He was eager for an opportunity to communicate the Gospel in that busy metropolitan area (1:15).
  • Finally, he hoped to secure the church’s support for a potential missionary journey into Spain- but not until he had an opportunity to enjoy their company for a while (15:28).

The following commentator will close our introduction to this great Biblical book with the following summary…

“Romans embodies the most complete exposition of Christian doctrine in the Bible. Most of Paul’s other epistles were written either to churches in which Paul had a direct interest as founder or to individuals whom he knew personally. His church epistles were usually written to deal with specific needs in the particular churches, but this was not true of Romans.

Furthermore, Rome was the greatest city in the world, so the Roman Gentile Christians had unique opportunities of witness and ministry. Accordingly, Paul used his letter to Rome, probably written while in Corinth on his third missionary journey (16:23; Ac 20:3), to compose a logical and extensive exposition and defense of Christianity.” (1)

(1) Institute for Creation Research, New Defender’s Study Bible Notes [Romans 1:1] https://www.icr.org/bible/Rom/1/1/ Accessed 10 July, 2025

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Romans – Chapter One XIII

by Ed Urzi January 7, 2026

In addition to serving as an introductory letter, the Epistle to the Romans offered a further benefit to the church at Rome. Much like a water well fed by a deep artesian spring, this letter offered a wellspring of spiritual insight that one could draw upon repeatedly. Since there were likely to be some who held rudimentary, questionable, or fragmented views of Christianity, this letter offered an opportunity to correct any potential misunderstandings. The same is true today.

This may explain some of the lengthy doctrinal discussions that appear in the midst of this epistle. In contrast to some other New Testament churches where Paul the Apostle had an opportunity to develop a strong spiritual foundation, things were a little different in Rome. From a human perspective, Paul had no way of knowing what spiritual views he might encounter on a visit to Rome. This letter would thus provide an opportunity to establish a good spiritual baseline.

Furthermore, there are some clues to suggest that Paul wanted to dispel certain misconceptions concerning his life and ministry. For instance, there is the following exchange in Romans 3:8…

“And some people even slander us by claiming that we say, ‘The more we sin, the better it is!’ Those who say such things deserve to be condemned” (NLT).

Then there is a hypothetical argument that appears in Romans 9:19. The genesis of that argument is almost certainly traceable back to some of Paul’s earlier discussions with those he met during his missionary journeys…

“Of course I can almost hear your retort: ‘If this is so, and God’s will is irresistible, why does God blame men for what they do?’ But the question really is this: ‘Who are you, a man, to make any such reply to God?’ When a craftsman makes anything he doesn’t expect it to turn round and say, ‘Why did you make me like this?’” (Phillips).

As the Biblical book of Proverbs reminds us, “Any story sounds true until someone tells the other side and sets the record straight” (Proverbs 18:17 TLB). To some extent, Paul’s epistle to the Romans may represent his attempt to “set the record straight” with respect to his teachings. One commentary puts the importance of these things into perspective for the first century church at Rome…

“The Roman church had no New Testament because the Gospels were not yet being circulated in their final written form. Thus, this letter may well have been the first piece of Christian literature the Roman believers had seen. Written to both Jewish and Gentile Christians, the letter to the Romans is a systematic presentation of the Christian faith.” (1)

(1) Life Application Study Bible [Romans 1:1] Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2004 by Tyndale House Publishers Inc., all rights reserved.

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Romans – Chapter One XII

by Ed Urzi January 6, 2026

As the capital of the Roman Empire, the city of Rome held a position of preeminence in the first-century world. From its central location in western Italy, Rome governed large portions of Europe, the near east, and north Africa during the New Testament era.

The following commentary offers an overview of Rome at the time of Paul the Apostle’s letter to the church there…

“Rome was the capital and most important city of the Roman Empire. It was founded in 753 B.C., but is not mentioned in Scripture until NT times. Rome is located along the banks of the Tiber River, about 15 miles from the Mediterranean Sea. Until an artificial harbor was built at nearby Ostia, Rome’s main harbor was Puteoli, some 150 miles away…

In Paul’s day, the city had a population of over one million people, many of whom were slaves. Rome boasted magnificent buildings, such as the Emperor’s palace, the Circus Maximus, and the Forum, but its beauty was marred by the slums in which so many lived.” (1)

Much like the city of Corinth (though vastly larger), the city of Rome was a study in contrasts. On one hand, the city was cultured, artistic, and sophisticated. However, it was deeply immoral, idolatrous, and depraved in many respects.

That brings us to this letter itself. Since there were no postal services available within the Roman Empire, all forms of correspondence had to be carried by hand for delivery to their intended destination. In this instance, Romans 16:1-2 suggests that Paul the Apostle’s designated letter carrier was a woman named Phoebe. That portion of Scripture tells us that Phoebe attended church in the Corinthian seaport village of Cenchrea, and further suggests that the Epistle to the Romans may have originated in Corinth.

In part, this lengthy epistle served as Paul’s introduction to the Roman church, especially for those who were relatively unfamiliar with his life, ministry, and doctrine. And as we’ll see later in chapter one, Paul affirmed his desire to follow this letter with a personal visit. In fact, he acknowledged that he would have visited them sooner if circumstances had not prevented him from doing so.

Finally, Paul encouraged his audience by reminding them of his continued prayers for them (1:9) and provided his readers with a glimpse of his future travel plans: “So, to the fullest extent of my ability, I am ready to come also to you in Rome to preach God’s Good News” (Romans 1:15 TLB).

Image Attribution : “Ancient Rome sure looked like the National Mall” by Don Sniegowski, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

(1) John F. MacArthur Jr., The MacArthur Study Bible: New American Standard Bible. (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2006).

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Romans – Chapter One XI

by Ed Urzi January 5, 2026

Introduction to the Book of Romans

The opening verse of the Biblical book of Romans identifies Paul the Apostle as the author of this letter, while the final chapter tells us that a secretary named Tertius held the important responsibility of transcribing this message on his behalf. As we might expect, this epistle derives its name from Paul’s intended audience: the assembly of believers who gathered in Rome, the capital of the Roman Empire.

Although the book of Romans appears first among the New Testament epistles, there are other Biblical epistles that likely predate it. Nevertheless, the length and theological content of Paul’s Epistle to the Romans helps account for its prominent position within the New Testament canon.

Most commentators believe Paul authored the book of Romans while he was temporarily residing in the city of Corinth. Corinth was situated on a land area between the Aegean and Ionian seas, a location was that very attractive to seafaring travelers who were moving between the eastern and western portions of the Roman Empire. Since Corinth’s harbor narrowed to a strip of land that was only about four miles (6.5km) wide at one point, travelers and merchants found it relatively easy to cross that distance on foot and continue their ocean voyage on the other side.

This meant that Corinth served as a busy metropolitan area in the days of the first century. Thus, it should not surprise us to learn that Paul spent over eighteen months there at one point. In fact, a few of Paul’s associates from that period of his ministry also appear in the Book of Romans. (1) This further supports the theory that Paul wrote the Epistle to the Romans while he was in Corinth.

One commentator ties this timeline together…

“The life and ministry of Paul (also known as Saul of Tarsus) is well documented in Acts chapters 8 through 28, as well as Galatians 1 and 2, and 2 Corinthians 11 and 12. It is almost universally agreed that Paul wrote Romans from the city of Corinth as he wintered there on his third missionary journey as described in Acts 20:2-3 (based on Romans 16:1, 23 and 1 Corinthians 1:14).

A variety of commentators pick dates with confidence anywhere from 53 to 58. By the time Paul wrote Romans, he had been a Christian preacher for some 20 years. In Corinth, on his way to Jerusalem, he had three months without any pressing duties. He may have thought this was a good time to write ahead to Rome, a church he was planning to visit after Jerusalem.” (2)

(1) Compare Acts 20:4 and Romans 16:21–23

(2) Enduring Word. (2025, April 3). Enduring Word Bible Commentary Romans Chapter 1. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/romans-1/

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Romans – Chapter One X

by Ed Urzi January 2, 2026

In the aftermath of any incident involving a large aircraft, a critical first step for investigators is to recover the flight data recorder, or “black box.” That device typically captures recordings of cockpit conversations, flight information, and environmental conditions that provide valuable insight into that aircraft’s journey. In a similar manner, the final chapter of the Biblical book of 2 Timothy serves as a kind of “black box” that offers insight into Paul the Apostle’s mindset as he neared the end of his earthly life.

Originally written around A.D. 64-66, there are a few verses from the book of 2 Timothy that clearly allude to Paul’s impending death…

“For I am already being poured out as a drink offering, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith” (2 Timothy 4:6-7).

Sensing that his time may be short, he then added the following…

“Be diligent to come to me quickly… Do your utmost to come before winter” (2 Timothy 4:9, 20).

While we can’t say with certainty that Timothy made contact with Paul prior to his death, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs records the traditional belief concerning the end of Paul’s life…

“Paul, the Apostle, who was before called Saul, after his great travail and unspeakable labours in promoting the Gospel of Christ, suffered also in this persecution under Nero… the soldiers came and led him out of the city to the place of execution, where he, after his prayers were made, gave his neck to the sword.” (1)

Another reference to Paul’s death appears in an early, extra-Biblical document known as 1 Clement. That first-century epistle says in part…

“Owing to envy, Paul also obtained the reward of patient endurance, after being seven times thrown into captivity, compelled to flee, and stoned. After preaching both in the east and west, he gained the illustrious reputation due to his faith, having taught righteousness to the whole world, and come to the extreme limit of the west, and suffered martyrdom under the prefects. Thus was he removed from the world, and went into the holy place, having proved himself a striking example of patience.” (1)

This biographical information concerning the life and death of Paul the Apostle sets the stage for our entry into the Biblical book of Romans. We’ll continue with an overview of the church at Rome and the structure of this epistle starting next.

Image Attribution: André Gustavo Stumpf from Brasília, Brasil, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) John Foxe, Foxe’s Book Of Martyrs [pg. 13] © 1981 by Whitaker House https://archive.org/details/foxesbookofmarty00foxe_1/page/12/mode/2up

(2) First Clement: Clement of Rome. (n.d.) [5.5-5.6] . https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-roberts.html

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Interlude For New Years Day

by Ed Urzi January 1, 2026

“…I am still not all I should be, but I am bringing all my energies to bear on this one thing: Forgetting the past and looking forward to what lies ahead, I strain to reach the end of the race and receive the prize for which God is calling us up to heaven because of what Christ Jesus did for us” (Philippians 3:13-14 TLB).

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Romans – Chapter One IX

by Ed Urzi December 31, 2025

When faced with the need to deflect responsibility for the devastation caused by the Great Fire of Rome, the Roman Emperor Nero delivered a calculated and politically expedient response. He chose to target a segment of the Roman population that was virtually defenseless and ill-equipped to fight against a false accusation of arson. That group was the first-century Christian community.

The raging fire caused extensive damage, immense pain, and utter destruction, thus demanding a proportional response against those who were deemed responsible. That led to what has come to be known as the “Neronian Persecutions,” the first large-scale governmental action ever taken against the church. The ancient Roman historian Tacitus described the horrific consequences of that decision from the position of a secular observer…

“To suppress this rumour, Nero fabricated scapegoats – and punished with every refinement the notoriously depraved Christians (as they were popularly called). Their originator, Christ, had been executed in Tiberius’ reign by the governor of Judaea, Pontius Pilatus. But in spite of this temporary setback the deadly superstition had broken out afresh, not only in Judaea (where the mischief had started) but even in Rome…

First, Nero had self-acknowledged Christians arrested. Then, on their information, large numbers of others were condemned – not so much for incendiarism as for their anti-social tendencies. Their deaths were made farcical. Dressed in wild animals’ skins, they were torn to pieces by dogs, or crucified, or made into torches to be ignited after dark as substitutes for daylight. Nero provided his Gardens for the spectacle, and exhibited displays in the Circus, at which he mingled with the crowd – or stood in a chariot, dressed as a charioteer.

Despite their guilt as Christians, and the ruthless punishment it deserved, the victims were pitied. For it was felt that they were being sacrificed to one man’s brutality rather than to the national interest.” (1)

As we might expect, the impact of this action upon the Christian community was catastrophic. It is impossible to number those who were murdered in the Neronian persecutions, except to say that untold multitudes perished during that period.

Tradition holds that Peter the Apostle was also executed during that era. The customary belief regarding Peter’s death states that he was crucified upside down at his own request. His rationale for that request stemmed from an attitude of deep humility, for he is said to have proclaimed, “I am not worthy to be crucified after the same form and manner as the Lord.“

But what became of Paul the Apostle? We’ll seek to answer that question next.

Image Attribution: Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Christian Martyrs’ Last Prayer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Grant, Michael (translator), Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, (1989)

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Romans – Chapter One VIII

by Ed Urzi December 30, 2025

On (or about) the night of July 19th, A.D. 64, a devastating fire broke out in the ancient city of Rome. A Roman historian and political figure of that era named Cornelius Tacitus chronicled the devastating impact of that fire…

“…Now started the most terrible and destructive fire which Rome had ever experienced. It began in the Circus, where it adjoins the Palatine and Caelian hills. Breaking out in shops selling inflammable goods, and fanned by the wind, the conflagration instantly grew and swept the whole length of the Circus. There were no walled mansions or temples, or any other obstructions, which could arrest it. First, the fire swept violently over the level spaces. Then it climbed the hills – but returned to ravage the lower ground again. It outstripped every counter-measure. The ancient city’s narrow winding streets and irregular blocks encouraged its progress.

Terrified, shrieking women, helpless old and young, people intent on their own safety, people unselfishly supporting invalids or waiting for them, fugitives and lingerers alike – all heightened the confusion. When people looked back, menacing flames sprang up before them or outflanked them. When they escaped to a neighboring quarter, the fire followed – even districts believed remote proved to be involved. Finally, with no idea where or what to flee, they crowded on to the country roads, or lay in the fields…

(The Roman Emperor) Nero was at Antium. He returned to the city only when the fire was approaching the mansion he had built to link the Gardens of Maecenas to the Palatine. The flames could not be prevented from overwhelming the whole of the Palatine, including his palace…

By the sixth day enormous demolitions had confronted the raging flames with bare ground and open sky, and the fire was finally stamped out at the foot of the Esquiline Hill. But before panic had subsided, or hope revived, flames broke out again in the more open regions of the city. Here there were fewer casualties; but the destruction of temples and pleasure arcades was even worse…

Of Rome’s fourteen districts only four remained intact. Three were leveled to the ground. The other seven were reduced to a few scorched and mangled ruins. To count the mansions, blocks, and temples destroyed would be difficult.” (1)

Although the cause of the fire was undetermined, speculation arose that Nero had been involved as part of a misguided attempt to facilitate a large-scale building project. That led to a disastrous turn of events…

“…the rumours that Nero was responsible raged among the distressed population. He had never been so unpopular… It had therefore become imperative to divert the charge to some other person or group. The victims the government chose for this role were the Christians…” (2)

We’ll continue with a look at the historical impact of that decision next.

Image Attribution: Hubert Robert, Incendie à Rome, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Grant, Michael (translator), Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, (1989)

(2) Grant, M. (1970). Nero, Emperor in revolt. p. 154

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Romans – Chapter One VII

by Ed Urzi December 29, 2025

Following Paul’s return from his third missionary journey, he was taken into custody by the Jewish authorities. That led to a trial before the Sanhedrin, the supreme judicial authority within the Jewish legal system of that era. Paul then faced additional legal proceedings under two successive Roman governors. His case dragged on for over two years until he finally invoked his right as a Roman citizen and appealed his case to Caesar, the Roman Emperor. The governor who presided over his hearing subsequently replied, “‘Very well! You have appealed to Caesar, and to Caesar you shall go!'” (Acts 25:12 TLB).

So Paul was dispatched to Rome to appeal his case before the Emperor, a journey that marked Paul’s fourth and final missionary endeavor. That began a lengthy odyssey that spanned thousands of travel miles and featured a harrowing shipwreck off the coast of the island of Malta. However, our last glimpse of Paul in the book of Acts finds him residing as a tenant in a rental home and preaching openly in Rome…

“Then Paul dwelt two whole years in his own rented house, and received all who came to him, preaching the kingdom of God and teaching the things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ with all confidence, no one forbidding him” (Acts 28:30-31).

Noticeably absent from that account is any mention of a trial before Caesar. But even though that narrative represents the end of the book of Acts, it does not represent the end of Paul’s story. You see, Paul was about to enter a period of intense persecution that was far harsher than any he had previously known.

When Paul exercised his right of appeal before Caesar, his case was remanded to the Emperor Nero who ruled from A.D. 54 – A.D. 68. The ancient church historian Eusebius offered the following assessment of Nero…

“To describe the greatness of his depravity does not lie within the plan of the present work.. after he had accomplished the destruction of so many myriads without any reason, he ran into such blood-guiltiness that he did not spare even his nearest relatives and dearest friends, but destroyed his mother and his brothers and his wife, with very many others of his own family as he would private and public enemies, with various kinds of deaths.” (1)

Foxe’s Book of Martyrs adds…

“So prodigious a monster of nature of was he (more like a beast, yea, rather a devil than a man) that he seemed to be born to the destruction of man.” (2)

Nero, of course, is widely known for initiating the wave of Roman persecution against the early church that began in A.D. 64. The event that triggered that response is known to history as the Great Fire of Rome. We’ll take a closer look at that tragic event (and the horrors that followed) beginning next.

(1) Philip Schaff: NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine – Christian Classics Ethereal Library. (n.d.). https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vii.xxvi.html

(2) John Foxe, Foxe’s Book Of Martyrs [pg. 5] © 1981 by Whitaker House https://archive.org/details/foxesbookofmarty00foxe_1/mode/2up

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Romans – Chapter One VI

by Ed Urzi December 26, 2025

Paul’s post-conversion ministry and missionary travels.

As mentioned earlier, the New Testament book of Galatians tell us that Paul first preached his new-found faith in Arabia, the large peninsula between the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Having preached there, he subsequently made his way back to Damascus. After three years in Damascus, he traveled to the city of Jerusalem, and then returned to his hometown of Tarsus.

There, he was met by a man named Barnabas who enlisted Paul’s help in ministering to the growing church at Antioch. After a trip back to Judea to aid in famine relief, the Spirit of God directed Paul to an itinerant preaching and teaching ministry. From A.D. 46 to A.D. 62, Paul was almost continually on the road, traveling by boat and by foot, preaching the gospel and establishing churches. Paul made four major missionary journeys during this period that are chronicled in the Biblical book of Acts.

While all that travel and activity might sound exciting, the reality was far less glamorous than it might seem. In addressing his concerns regarding the false apostles who had worked their way into the Corinthian church, Paul offered the following insight into his life as an ambassador of Christ…

“Are they ministers of Christ?–I speak as a fool–I am more: in labors more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more frequently, in deaths often.

From the Jews five times I received forty stripes minus one. Three times I was beaten with rods; once I was stoned; three times I was shipwrecked; a night and a day I have been in the deep; in journeys often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils of my own countrymen, in perils of the Gentiles, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren; in weariness and toil, in sleeplessness often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness–besides the other things, what comes upon me daily: my deep concern for all the churches.

Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who is made to stumble, and I do not burn with indignation? If I must boast, I will boast in the things which concern my infirmity” (2 Corinthians 11:23-30 NLT).

With these things in mind, Paul’s request of the Galatian churches takes on added significance…

“From now on let no one trouble me, for I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus” (Galatians 6:17).

Image Attribution: Raphael, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

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Interlude For Christmas Day

by Ed Urzi December 25, 2025

“Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way.

When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit. And her husband Joseph, being a just man and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved to divorce her quietly.

But as he considered these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, ‘Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary as your wife, for that which is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.’

All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had spoken by the prophet: ‘Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel’ (which means, God with us).

When Joseph woke from sleep, he did as the angel of the Lord commanded him: he took his wife, but knew her not until she had given birth to a son. And he called his name Jesus” (Matthew 1:18-25 ESV).

Merry Christmas!

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The Christmas Story – Part 7

by Ed Urzi December 24, 2025

So the Magi traveled to Jerusalem to ask, “Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him” (Matthew 2:2 NIV). Now the Magi may have assumed that the political and religious leadership of Jerusalem would have been pleased with the birth of their Messiah- but we’ll find out shortly that this was not the case.

But first, Matthew 2:3 tells us that a political leader named Herod was disturbed when he received the news about Jesus’ birth from the Magi. This unusual reaction is easier to understand if we take some time to get to know Herod and who he was.

The “Herod” mentioned in this passage is historically known to us as Herod the Great. The first thing Herod did upon his ascension to this position was to exterminate his leading opponent and forty-five of his opponents’ supporters. To ensure his continued rule, Herod also arranged to have every legal heir to his throne put to death as well.

Herod had at least nine or ten wives and eventually became suspicious that his favorite wife was plotting against him. So he put her to death too. Then he killed her mother. Later, he had both of his sons by her executed as well. Herod killed so many people who were close to him that it was half-jokingly remarked that it was safer to be Herod’s pig than  Herod’s son.

So it was Herod’s practice to eliminate anyone who might be a potential threat. This may account for the fact that all Jerusalem was troubled by the arrival of the Magi as well (Matthew 2:3). Perhaps the people of Jerusalem were fearful of what might transpire once Herod learned that the real “King Of The Jews” had been born.

“When he had called together all the people’s chief priests and teachers of the law, he asked them where the Christ was to be born. ‘In Bethlehem in Judea,’ they replied, ‘for this is what the prophet has written: “‘But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for out of you will come a ruler who will be the shepherd of my people Israel'” (Matthew 2:4-6 NIV).

It’s interesting to note that these priests and the teachers had the right information about the Messiah- they even quoted directly from the Old Testament prophecy concerning Him as found in Micah 5:2. But even though these men had the right information, they didn’t seem very interested in finding out about the Savior for themselves.

“Then Herod called the Magi secretly and found out from them the exact time the star had appeared. He sent them to Bethlehem and said, ‘Go and make a careful search for the child. As soon as you find him, report to me, so that I too may go and worship him'” (Matthew 2:7-8 NIV).

Herod predictably tried to use the Magi to find this newborn king- not to worship Him but to attempt an assassination. We’ll find out later that Herod eventually issued a command to kill every boy aged two or younger in an attempt to ensure that Jesus was eliminated (see Matthew 2:16).

“After they had heard the king, they went on their way, and the star they had seen in the east went ahead of them until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw the star, they were overjoyed. On coming to the house, they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshiped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold and of incense and of myrrh” (Matthew 2:9-11 NIV).

So the Magi finally had an opportunity to meet the King they had been seeking. If we look closely at the gifts of the Magi mentioned above, we’ll find that each carried its own special meaning. For instance, gold was the first gift presented to Jesus by these men. Since gold is associated with royalty, it makes a suitable gift for the King of the Jews.

The next gift was frankincense, an aromatic resin. Frankincense is mentioned nine times in the first five books of the Bible and it was primarily associated with the Old Testament sacrificial offerings (see Leviticus 2:1-2, Leviticus 6:15, and Leviticus 24:5-9 for some examples). In light of this, we can say that this gift represented Jesus’ role as priest, the one who represents us before God (see Hebrews chapters 2-9).

Finally, we have the gift of myrrh. Myrrh was widely used as a perfume, but John 19:39 tells us that it was one of the ingredients that was used to prepare Jesus’ body for burial following His crucifixion. Thus we can say that myrrh was a gift that was associated with Jesus’ eventual death on our behalf.

The myrrh and frankincense were easy to carry and all three gifts were worth a considerable amount. Their monetary value may have been used to provide for Mary, Joseph, and Jesus later when they were forced to escape into Egypt for a time (see Matthew 2:13-15). But even though these gifts were important, the fact that the Magi worshiped Jesus was even more important.

So these verses identify three different responses to Jesus and serve to represent the different ways people often respond to Him today. First we have Herod, a man who displayed open hostility towards Christ. Next we have the representatives of the religious leadership, the ones who told Herod where the Messiah was to be born. These men showed great indifference towards Jesus; they heard about Him but didn’t care enough to see Him for themselves. Finally we have the Magi. They were the ones who looked for Jesus, spent time with Him, and worshiped Him.

So now that we’ve reached the end of this look at the Christmas story, let’s finish with one final observation. It’s been said that giving gifts at Christmas is not something that humanity invented- it was God who initiated the gift giving when He gave us the gift of His Son. Christmas is not about the gifts that we receive from others- it’s really about the gift that God has given to us.

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The Christmas Story – Part 6

by Ed Urzi December 23, 2025

The next portion of the Christmas story takes us to chapter two of Matthew’s gospel…

“After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea, during the time of King Herod, Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, ‘Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him'” (Matthew 2:1-2 NIV).

So who exactly were these “Magi”? While it is traditional to refer to them as “kings” or “wise men,” (1)  it may be surprising to learn that it is probably more accurate to refer to them as astrologers

You see, the term “magi” was used to identify the priests and wise men among the ancient civilizations of the Medes, Persians, and Babylonians. These men were said to be highly skilled in divination, astrology, and the interpretation of signs. This was not unlike modern-day astrologers who believe that the movement and arrangement of stars and planets can have an impact on human events. The idea is that a person who possesses the ability to interpret these alignments will also have the ability to foretell the future.

Perhaps the clearest Biblical warning against this type of activity is found in Deuteronomy 18:10-12…

“Let no one be found among you who sacrifices his son or daughter in the fire, who practices divination or sorcery, interprets omens, engages in witchcraft, or casts spells, or who is a medium or spiritist or who consults the dead. Anyone who does these things is detestable to the LORD…” (NIV).

In light of this, we might question why God would choose to announce Jesus’ birth to these men when the Bible says such things are wrong. Well, here’s how one commentator addresses this question…

“The star used in the Biblical account was to announce the birth of Christ, not to foretell this event. God gave the star to the Magi to proclaim to them that the child had already been born. We know that the Child had already been born because in Matthew 2:16, Herod gives a command to kill all the boys in Bethlehem and vicinity that are two years old or younger in accordance with the ‘time which he had ascertained from the Magi’ (NASB)… The star guiding the Magi was not used to predict, but to proclaim the birth of Christ.” (2)

So these astrologers suddenly came upon a real sign in their observations of the stars- the sign of the one true God. This is not an unbiblical idea for as God once said through the prophet Isaiah, “I revealed myself to those who did not ask for me; I was found by those who did not seek me. To a nation that did not call on my name, I said, ‘Here am I, here am I'” (Isaiah 65:1). God met the Magi on their own field so to speak, and guided the astrologers by a star.

But how exactly did these men come to associate this star with Jesus’ birth? Unfortunately, we don’t have enough detail to say with certainty how or why the Magi connected the appearance of this star with the King of the Jews. However, there is one interesting possibility to consider. Remember that the term “Magi” was used to identify the priests and wise men of the Medes, Persians, and Babylonians. There is one Biblical personality who is more closely associated with these groups than any other. That person was the prophet Daniel who lived in the 6th century B.C.

In thinking over this question, it’s interesting to note that the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar placed Daniel in charge over all the wise men of Babylon (see Daniel 2:46-48). Later in Daniel 6:28, we also read that Daniel prospered during the reigns of two leaders named Darius (who was a Mede) and Cyrus the Persian.

So while we don’t have any direct Biblical evidence to explain how the Magi connected the Star of Bethlehem to Jesus’ birth, it’s possible that God may have given Daniel some advance information regarding this event. If that was the case, then it’s also possible that Daniel passed this information to the Magi of his day. From there, the Magi conveyed that information from generation to generation until the time of its fulfillment. Again, while there is no Scriptural evidence to support this theory, it would serve to explain how the Magi knew about Jesus’ birth.

Another question regarding the Magi is this: How many Magi came to visit Jesus? Well, tradition tells us that there were three Magi named Melchior, Caspar and Balthasar. But even though it’s customary to think of “The Three Wise Men” who visited Jesus, there’s a good chance there were more than three. Here’s why…

“…Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, ‘Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him.’ When King Herod heard this he was disturbed, and all Jerusalem with him” (Matthew 2:1b-3 NIV).

Jerusalem was large, important town. If the entire city was troubled over the appearance of these men, it’s likely that they showed up with a large contingent. There’s another possible explanation that involves Herod himself, but we’ll get to that part next.

Finally, we should note that the Bible does not say that the Magi came on the night of Jesus’ birth; in fact, it’s possible that their visit occurred much later, perhaps as many as two years later.

(1) The Revised Standard Version, American Standard Version, King James Version, and New King James Version are all examples of Biblical translations that identify the Magi as “wise men”

(2) Geisler,N. L., & Howe, T. A. (1992). When Critics Ask : A Popular Handbook On Bible Difficulties Victor Books

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The Christmas Story – Part 5

by Ed Urzi December 22, 2025

Come to Bethlehem and see Christ Whose birth the angels sing; Come, adore on bended knee, Christ the Lord, the newborn King (1)

One of the best-known portions of the Christmas story involves an angelic announcement of Jesus’ birth to a group of shepherds who were looking after their flocks by night. For these shepherds, their night’s work may have started out like any other night’s work- but this night was no ordinary night on the job…

“And there were shepherds living out in the fields nearby, keeping watch over their flocks at night. An angel of the Lord appeared to them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified” (Luke 2:8-9 NIV).

As a group, shepherds were often considered to be the social outcasts of their day. Their work wasn’t very glamorous, and they spent most of their time with a group of animals. A first-century shepherd’s life could also become very isolated, especially since they were not allowed to participate in the various Jewish ceremonies. Unfortunately for these shepherds, Hebrew social life largely revolved around the Temple during this period.

A shepherd who was not permitted to participate in these activities was someone who was cut out of the social network of the community. And if that wasn’t enough, shepherds were considered to be an unreliable class of people; in fact, they were so mistrusted that they were not even permitted to offer testimony in court.

So, the shepherds were a group of outsiders- a collection of people who didn’t fit into the accepted social categories of their day. They were untrusted and looked down upon by others. Yet these were the people whom God chose to receive the announcement of Jesus’ birth.

This part of the Christmas story reminds us that God doesn’t exclude us from a relationship with Him based on our social standing (or lack thereof). It also brings to mind something recorded in the New Testament book of Acts: “…I see very clearly that God shows no favoritism. In every nation he accepts those who fear him and do what is right” (Acts 10:34-35 NLT).

“But the angel said to them, ‘Do not be afraid. I bring you good news of great joy that will be for all the people. Today in the town of David a Savior has been born to you; he is Christ the Lord. This will be a sign to you: You will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger'” (Luke 2:10-12 NIV).

It’s important to note that this event was good news for everyone, everywhere. And following this single angel’s announcement, an army of angels suddenly joined together to honor God…

“Suddenly a great company of the heavenly host appeared with the angel, praising God and saying, ‘Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men on whom his favor rests.’

When the angels had left them and gone into heaven, the shepherds said to one another, ‘Let’s go to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has told us about.’ So they hurried off and found Mary and Joseph, and the baby, who was lying in the manger” (Luke 2:13-16 NIV).

So, the shepherds decided to hurry to Bethlehem to see the child that had just been announced to them. Bethlehem was not a very large town, so the shepherds probably had little problem in checking from place to place until they finally found the location with infant Jesus, the same one that matched the description that was given to them while they were out in the fields.

While the Scriptures do not tell us how Mary and Joseph responded to this visit from the shepherds, it’s likely that their arrival came as quite a surprise. You can just imagine the astonishment of Mary and Joseph as a group of breathless shepherds suddenly burst in upon them to see the newborn child and to tell them all they had seen and heard concerning Him.

But this part of the Christmas story shouldn’t end before we take a moment to put ourselves in the position of these shepherds. For instance, what could be more impossible to believe than an announcement that Christ the Lord had been born and that He could be found lying in a feedbox inside a shelter for animals? While many people might find that announcement difficult to accept, these men certainly didn’t seem doubtful, skeptical, or unimpressed regarding it- or by what they found in that manger when they followed up on this angelic proclamation.

On the contrary, the next few verses tell us this…

“When they had seen him, they spread the word concerning what had been told them about this child, and all who heard it were amazed at what the shepherds said to them. But Mary treasured up all these things and pondered them in her heart. The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things they had heard and seen, which were just as they had been told” (Luke 2:17-20 NIV).

To Mary’s credit, she didn’t let the memory of these incredible events pass by. Instead, she collected them, thought about them, and kept them close to her heart. Perhaps it was the joy that Mary associated with these memories that helped sustain her throughout the difficult times that were to follow.

(1) Angels We Have Heard On High (Traditional)

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The Christmas Story – Part 4

by Ed Urzi December 19, 2025

At this point, it might be good to stop and consider a question that people often ask at this time of year: Was Jesus actually born on Christmas as we know it today?

Well, it may come as a surprise to find that December 25th was originally chosen as the date of Jesus’ birth in order to establish a “Christian holiday” as an alternative to the ancient Roman festival of Saturnalia. The Saturnalia festival (or “festival of the sun”) was held each year around the time of the winter solstice. One feast that was held during this time was the Sol Invictus or the feast of the “invincible sun” and it celebrated the fact that the shortest day of the year had passed and the days were about to grow longer again.

The ancient Saturnalia festival was said to be a non-stop blowout of drunkenness and feasting that often featured practical jokes, drinking, gambling and lots of immorality. Of course, many people choose to celebrate Christmas in much the same manner today so perhaps things haven’t changed as much as we might like to think.

Anyway, the celebration of Jesus’ birth on December 25th was first popularized during the fourth century A.D. and while it is unlikely that December 25th  represents the actual date of Jesus’ birth, it’s not entirely impossible. You see, it’s difficult to establish the exact time of year that Jesus was born from the information that’s given to us in the Bible. In fact, even the year of Jesus’ birth is uncertain, although many commentators believe it took place around 4 B.C. This, of course, puts us in the awkward position of saying that Christ was born “before Christ” but that’s the way it is.

So with these things in mind, is it wrong to celebrate Jesus’ birth on December 25th? Well, the New Testament book of Romans tells us this: “One man considers one day more sacred than another; another man considers every day alike. Each one should be fully convinced in his own mind” (Romans 14:5). We could apply this verse to our question by saying that if someone wishes to celebrate Jesus’ birth on December 25th, then he or she should do so because people are free to dedicate certain days to God as long as they remain convinced that they are doing the right thing.

Of course, someone who wants to celebrate Jesus’ birth on some other day of the year is also free to do so as well. Remember, “…some think one day is more holy than another day, while others think every day is alike. You should each be fully convinced that whichever day you choose is acceptable” (NLT).

Since we’re on the subject of holiday traditions, let’s take a moment to look at another well-known holiday tradition: Christmas trees. Have you ever wondered how a decorated tree inside a house became a Christmas tradition? Well, believe it or not, the Christmas tree traces its origins to the ancient non-Christian peoples of Europe.

You see, the winter seasons are often very severe in northern Europe. Because of this, the ancient peoples of that area often blamed evil spirits for the arrival of winter when much of the existing plant life appeared to die. However, there were a few trees and other plants that seemed resistant to the brutal winter weather and stayed “alive” while everything else “died” during that time of year. Those trees were the evergreen trees, along with certain other plants like holly and mistletoe.

These trees and plants were thought to offer protection against the life-threatening evil of the cold winter darkness and over time, people eventually came to believe that wherever these evergreens were placed, evil spirits could not go. So people began to bring such trees and plants into their homes and decorate them as a sign of worship.

For example, garlands made of evergreens were hung inside the home. This is where the tradition to “Deck the halls with boughs of holly” got started. Evergreens were also “sacrificed” to encourage the return of the sun in some Scandinavian countries,. This represented the origin of the modern-day “Yule Log” tradition. The ancient people of what is now Germany were probably the first to place lights on their trees in the form of candles.

So it seems that there is no real historical evidence to connect these holiday traditions with Jesus’ birth. But does that mean it’s wrong for Christians to put up a Christmas tree or hang evergreen wreaths and garland during the holidays?

Well, we might think of these traditions in the following manner: when an artist like a musician or a painter becomes a Christian, he or she will often rededicate their creative talents, skills, and abilities for use in a way that honors God. In a similar manner, we can look at many of the symbolic elements of Christmas (like a Christmas tree, for example) in much the same way. In other words, Christians have an opportunity to rededicate those symbols for use in a manner that honors God..

For example, here are a few traditional Christmas elements along with the new symbolic meanings…

  • Evergreen tree: An evergreen tree symbolizes everlasting life through Jesus (John 10:27-28).
  • Lights:  Lights indicate that Jesus is the light of the world (John 8:12).
  • Gifts: Giving gifts at Christmas time reminds us that “…the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Romans 6:23).
  • Star at the top of a Christmas tree: This represents the star of Bethlehem (Matthew 2:2).
  • Angels: These are representative of the angelic beings who announced Jesus’ birth (Luke 2:8-14).
  • Ornaments/Decorations: These help symbolize the joyous celebration of the Savior’s birth (Luke 2:10-11).

 

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The Christmas Story – Part 3

by Ed Urzi December 18, 2025

In those days Caesar Augustus issued a decree that a census should be taken of the entire Roman world. (This was the first census that took place while Quirinius was governor of Syria.) And everyone went to his own town to register.

So Joseph also went up from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to Bethlehem the town of David, because he belonged to the house and line of David. He went there to register with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him and was expecting a child” (Luke 2:1-5 NIV).

Caesar Augustus is also known to history as Octavian and he ruled the Roman Empire from approximately 30 BC to 14 AD. A “census” was a type of survey that counted people for tax purposes within ancient Rome. In fact, the New Testament Gospel of Luke refers to this as “the first census” to separate it from another well-known census (which Luke also mentions in Acts 5:37) that occurred in 6 A.D.

On the surface, it would seem that Caesar was responsible for ordering this census, but the Scriptures tell us God was the One who orchestrated these events behind the scenes to fulfill His promises. We know this from a passage found in the Old Testament book of Micah…

“But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of you shall come forth to Me the One to be Ruler in Israel, whose goings forth are from of old, from everlasting” (Micah 5:2 NKJ).

Joseph and Mary’s trip from Nazareth to Bethlehem was about 80 miles (129 km) one way. At an average walking speed of 2 mph (3 kph), this was not an easy distance to cover in those days. Although Roman law didn’t require someone like Mary to register for the census, Luke 4:5 tells us that she and Joseph went together anyway. Knowing this, we might be tempted to ask why a young woman in the latter stages of her pregnancy would choose to make this difficult, unnecessary journey?

Some possible answers to that question should quickly come to mind for those who know something of the culture and background to this story. You see, it’s possible that Mary’s controversial pregnancy created such a difficult climate back home for Mary and Joseph that the long trip to Bethlehem together seemed better than leaving her behind. Or perhaps Joseph simply didn’t want to leave Mary by herself to face the possibility of coming to term alone.

In any event, the curtain was now about to rise on the greatest event in human history…

“While they were there, the time came for the baby to be born, and she gave birth to her firstborn, a son. She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn” (Luke 2:6-7 NIV).

One of the most incredible things about the Christmas story is the difference between the enormity of the event and the simplicity of the account. In this day and age where a small nativity scene on the front lawn at Christmas time often gets buried behind Santa Claus and various Christmas decorations, it may be difficult to appreciate the astounding nature of this event.

There weren’t many good places to stay when traveling in those days because the “inns” mentioned in the Bible were not like the hotels or motels we might encounter today. In fact, the word translated “inn” probably refers to a “private home” or “guest room.”

The cloths or “swaddling clothes” were long cloth strips that were used to wrap an infant of that time. In Mary’s day, midwives usually assisted during childbirth but notice that Mary apparently had no one to help her (except perhaps Joseph) for we’re told that she wrapped the baby on her own.

This passage then goes on to say that Mary placed the infant Jesus in a manger. For many, the idea of a manger brings to mind the image of a barn-like structure or some other type of building suitable for the care and shelter of animals. But animals were not usually kept in barns as is common today. In those days, animals were often kept in a hollowed out rock area or caves. A “manger” was actually a feeding trough for such animals. All of this meant that Jesus was probably not born in a barn or a stable as we know it, but in a cave behind someone’s home.

So Joseph and Mary couldn’t find a place to stay and they didn’t have a cradle for the infant Jesus. This means that the greatest human being of all time probably spent His first hours on earth inside a cave while sleeping in a feed box for animals. This is hardly the kind of entrance that one might expect for God in the flesh.

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The Christmas Story – Part 2

by Ed Urzi December 17, 2025

When Gabriel, God’s angelic messenger, said to Mary, “You will be with child and give birth to a son,” it’s possible she made a connection between this angelic announcement and a prophecy contained within the Old Testament book of Isaiah: “…the virgin shall conceive and bear a Son” (Isaiah 7:14 NIV). But this led to an understandable question…

“‘How will this be,’ Mary asked the angel, ‘since I am a virgin?’ The angel answered, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God” (Luke 1:34-35 NIV)

So, Gabriel told Mary that this miraculous event would be accomplished through the power of the Highest in the Person of the Holy Spirit. In the original language of this passage, the word “overshadow” carries the idea of “covering with a cloud,” not unlike the cloud of God’s glory that appeared from time to time in the Scriptures (see Exodus 13:21 and Matthew 17:5).

This was the visible revelation of the power and presence of God and it meant that the same power of God that was revealed in the Old Testament would be present in Mary’s life as well. Because of this, Mary’s child would differ from all others: He would be the Holy One and the Son of God.

“Even Elizabeth your relative is going to have a child in her old age, and she who was said to be barren is in her sixth month. For nothing is impossible with God” (Luke 1:36-37 NIV).

These verses make reference to Mary’s relative Elizabeth who was pregnant with the child who would later come to be known as John the Baptist (see Luke 1:5-25). So, Gabriel brought Mary a promise and some evidence as well. If God could enable Elizabeth to become pregnant when she was well past her childbearing years, He could certainly accomplish a miraculous event in Mary’s life as well.

Here was Mary’s simple but powerful response…

“‘I am the Lord’s servant,’ Mary answered. ‘May it be to me as you have said.’ Then the angel left her” (Luke 1:38 NIV).

Think about the kind of faith that Mary demonstrated in this response. Notice she didn’t argue, debate, or reject God’s plan- she simply said, “let it be to me according to your word.” In this, Mary’s example provides us with a good example to follow. In fact, her response took a lot more trust in God than it may seem. First, we should remember that Mary agreed to become an unwed mother in a society that mandated capital punishment for those who were physically intimate prior to marriage.

We might also consider Mary’s faith from a practical perspective. For instance, it’s likely that Mary had to endure the whispers, gossip, and suspicious looks that were sure to follow her wherever she went. Not only that, but many also believe that Mary was just 14-16 years old when these events occurred; perhaps even younger.

So, Mary was aligned with God’s plan but there was one more family member to consider…

“Because Joseph her husband was a righteous man and did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly. But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, ‘Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit.

She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins.’ All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet: ‘The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel’-which means, ‘God with us.’

When Joseph woke up, he did what the angel of the Lord had commanded him and took Mary home as his wife. But he had no union with her until she gave birth to a son. And he gave him the name Jesus” (Matthew 1:19-25 NIV).

It may be easy to overlook Joseph’s role in the Christmas story but let’s consider his reaction as well. For example, how would you respond if you were in Joseph’s position and your fiancée said this…

  • “I’m going to have a baby.”
  • “The baby’s Father is God.”

Would you accept that? Probably not. So, we shouldn’t be surprised to read that Joseph wanted to break off his engagement with Mary when she was found to be pregnant before their wedding ceremony. However, Joseph (who, like Mary, was almost certainly about 14-16 years old) was a person of character and integrity. He was determined to conduct himself in an honorable manner even if seemed as if Mary had not acted honorably towards him before their wedding.

Yet Joseph immediately moved forward in faith once God’s plan was revealed to him, just as Mary had done. These features of the real Christmas story are all important but sometimes easy to forget while we’re trying to avoid the holiday shopping crush.

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The Christmas Story – Part 1

by Ed Urzi December 16, 2025

Note: we will preempt our study in the book of Romans for a brief look at the Christmas Story. Our current study is scheduled to resume on Friday, December 26th

Well, it’s Christmas time once again. You know, Christmas- the holiday we often associate with things like online sales, crazy shoppers, and ridiculous commercialism. We can illustrate that part of the Christmas “experience” with a holiday song from another generation…

“I just go nuts at Christmas
On that jolly holiday
I’ll go in the red like a knucklehead
‘Cause I squander all my pay…

Oh I just go nuts at Christmas
When each kid hangs up his sock
It’s a time for kids to flip their lids
While their papa goes in hock.”
(1)

There may be more truth behind those lyrics than we’re willing to admit- and that should make us stop and think. For example, do you ever get the feeling that people have missed the real meaning of Christmas? And what is the real meaning of Christmas anyway? Perhaps now is a good time to re-familiarize ourselves with the genuine Christmas story so we can avoid going nuts at Christmas.

We can start with a passage from the Biblical book of Luke…

“In the sixth month, God sent the angel Gabriel to Nazareth, a town in Galilee, to a virgin pledged to be married to a man named Joseph, a descendant of David. The virgin’s name was Mary” (Luke 1:26-27 NIV).

Parents typically arranged marriages for their children in the New Testament era. These marriages usually took place during the early to mid teenage years, with thirteen being the minimum age for boys and twelve for girls. Once the right person was agreed upon by each set of parents, a payment was negotiated with the future bride’s father. This payment could be in the form of money or services provided to the bride’s family to help offset the loss of their daughter as a valued worker. Once this arrangement was complete, the couple entered a period of “betrothal.”

The betrothal was something like the modern-day “engagement” that we see between couples today but was much more formal. First, the couple agreed to a binding marriage contract in the presence of witnesses. These legal agreements were taken very seriously. There were very few “broken engagements” back then for this agreement between the couple could only be dissolved through a process of divorce. This betrothal period could last for up to a year and while the couple were known as husband and wife during that time, there were no marital relations between them.

The groom typically spent this period working to prepare the couple’s future home. When everything was ready, the groom and his friends would travel to meet the bride and her bridal attendants. The bride and groom would join together for a reading of the marriage contract and then the groom would bring his new bride back to the home he had prepared. A great celebration then followed that could go on for a week or more.

So it was during this betrothal period that the angel Gabriel was sent to a young woman named Mary in the village of Nazareth, a town located about seventy miles (113 km) northeast of Jerusalem. Nazareth carried a rather undistinguished reputation back in those days and seemed to be an unlikely candidate for an angelic visit. That might help to explain Mary’s response…

“The angel went to her and said, “Greetings, you who are highly favored! The Lord is with you.” Mary was greatly troubled at his words and wondered what kind of greeting this might be” (Luke 1:28-29 NIV).

So Mary was confused and disturbed (NLT) by this greeting but there was more to follow…

“But the angel said to her, ‘Do not be afraid, Mary, you have found favor with God. You will be with child and give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus. He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give him the throne of his father David, and he will reign over the house of Jacob forever; his kingdom will never end” (Luke 1:30-33 NIV).

The focus of this angelic message was not so much upon Mary but upon the Son that was to be born to her. First, her Son was to be named “Jesus,” a common name in that day. Next, the announcement that He would be given the throne of his father David fulfilled a promise that God made to King David in 2 Samuel 7:12-13. In that passage of Scripture, God spoke to David through a prophet named Nathan and said this:

“When your days are over and you rest with your fathers, I will raise up your offspring to succeed you, who will come from your own body, and I will establish his kingdom. He is the one who will build a house for my Name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever” (NIV).

So it was clear from the angel’s message that God was preparing to do something significant. But as we’re about to see, Mary had some difficulty comprehending the breadth of God’s plan.

(1) I Just Go Nuts At Christmas Yogi Yorgesson, Written by: Harry Stewart, Lyrics © Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC

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Romans – Chapter One V

by Ed Urzi December 15, 2025

We can gain a better understanding of Paul the Apostle’s life and ministry by studying the emotional depth of his letters. The profound nature of Paul’s conversion experience might have left him with an attitude of spiritual superiority. However, Paul’s encounter with Jesus on the Damascus road yielded an entirely different result.

Although he possessed a brilliant intellect and held a position of authority, Paul had no difficulty expressing his emotions. For instance, he could be openly appreciative, as shown in the following portion of his Biblical letter to the Philippian church…

“I can do everything through Christ who strengthens me. Nevertheless, it was kind of you to share my troubles” (Philippians 4:13-14 GW).

Paul also expressed his thankfulness to the church at Thessalonica…

“We give thanks to God always for you all, making mention of you in our prayers, remembering without ceasing your work of faith, labor of love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ in the sight of our God and Father” (1 Thessalonians 1:12-3).

In addition, Paul spoke of his deep and abiding regard for two men named Titus and Timothy. For example, Paul referred to Timothy as “my own dearly loved son” (1 Timothy 1:2 Phillips) as well as “a beloved son” (2 Timothy 1:2), while characterizing Titus as, “a true son in the common faith” (Titus 1:4). This was typical of Paul’s ministry, for he clearly developed many close friendships over the course of his life. Consider the following comment to the members of the Corinthian church…

“I was glad about the arrival of Stephanus, Fortunatus, and Achaicus because they have supplied the fellowship with you that I lacked. For they refreshed my spirit and yours. So then, recognize people like this” (1 Corinthians 16:16-18 NET).

In fact, Paul will spend much of the final chapter of Romans conveying greetings to an extensive network of friends and associates. However, this is not to say that Paul was always well-received. He certainly faced his share of adversaries, as reflected in this excerpt from the book of 2 Timothy…

“Alexander the coppersmith did me much harm. May the Lord repay him according to his works. You also must beware of him, for he has greatly resisted our words” (2 Timothy 4:14-15).

Yet even in the face of great opposition, Paul still offered the following expression of encouragement…

“But the Lord stood with me and strengthened me, so that the message might be preached fully through me, and that all the Gentiles might hear. Also I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion. And the Lord will deliver me from every evil work and preserve me for His heavenly kingdom. To Him be glory forever and ever. Amen!” (2 Timothy 4:17-18).

Image Attribution: Guercino, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

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Romans – Chapter One IV

by Ed Urzi December 12, 2025

Despite his expressed humility, Paul the Apostle did not refrain from correcting spiritual error whenever he encountered it. Whether the subject involved false teaching, the improper use of spiritual gifts, immorality, or other doctrinal matters, Paul moved swiftly to confront doctrinal error. Two excerpts from Paul’s Biblical letters to the church at Corinth serve as a case in point…

“For some say, ‘His letters are weighty and forceful, but in person he is unimpressive and his speaking amounts to nothing.’ Such people should realize that what we are in our letters when we are absent, we will be in our actions when we are present” (2 Corinthians 10:10-11 NIV).

“Some of you have become arrogant, thinking I will not visit you again. But I will come–and soon–if the Lord lets me, and then I’ll find out whether these arrogant people just give pretentious speeches or whether they really have God’s power. For the Kingdom of God is not just a lot of talk; it is living by God’s power. Which do you choose? Should I come with a rod to punish you, or should I come with love and a gentle spirit?” (1 Corinthians 4:18-21 NLT).

Even in matters involving other Apostles, Paul adopted a similar approach…

“But when Peter came to Antioch, I opposed him in public, because he was clearly wrong” (Galatians 2:11 GNT).

But Paul’s best known admonition may be the one directed to the Corinthian church regarding their attitude towards the sacrament of communion…

“In the following directives I have no praise for you, for your meetings do more harm than good. In the first place, I hear that when you come together as a church, there are divisions among you, and to some extent I believe it. No doubt there have to be differences among you to show which of you have God’s approval.

So then, when you come together, it is not the Lord’s Supper you eat, for when you are eating, some of you go ahead with your own private suppers. As a result, one person remains hungry and another gets drunk. Don’t you have homes to eat and drink in? Or do you despise the church of God by humiliating those who have nothing? What shall I say to you? Shall I praise you? Certainly not in this matter!” (1 Corinthians 11:17-22 NIV).

The desire to remain popular or avoid straining relationships may sometimes lead us to suppress criticisms that are warranted and necessary. However, Paul opted to rectify such errors with a blend of loving firmness, even at the risk of offending some.

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Romans – Chapter One III

by Ed Urzi December 11, 2025

In his first-century letter to the churches of Galatia (a letter better known today as the Biblical epistle to the Galatians), Paul the Apostle summarized his conversion experience and the basis for his apostolic authority…

“I want you to know, brothers and sisters, that the gospel I preached is not of human origin. I did not receive it from any man, nor was I taught it; rather, I received it by revelation from Jesus Christ. For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism, how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it. I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my own age among my people and was extremely zealous for the traditions of my fathers.

But when God, who set me apart from my mother’s womb and called me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son in me so that I might preach him among the Gentiles, my immediate response was not to consult any human being. I did not go up to Jerusalem to see those who were apostles before I was, but I went into Arabia. Later I returned to Damascus.

Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days. I saw none of the other apostles–only James, the Lord’s brother. I assure you before God that what I am writing you is no lie. Then I went to Syria and Cilicia. I was personally unknown to the churches of Judea that are in Christ. They only heard the report: ‘The man who formerly persecuted us is now preaching the faith he once tried to destroy.’ And they praised God because of me” (Galatians 1:11-24 NIV).

A study of Paul’s life also reveals him to be a complex, yet approachable personality. For instance, Paul demonstrated many of the characteristics of a highly educated individual. He was fluent in at least three major languages of his era (Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek), and displayed a familiarity with the literary figures of his day.

But unlike those who radiate an air of self-importance with respect to their intellectual capabilities, Paul was a man of great humility. Consider the following admissions from a few of Paul’s New Testament letters…

“…for in nothing am I behind the very chiefest apostles, though I be nothing” (2 Corinthians 12:11 KJV).

“But God forbid that I should boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ” (Galatians 6:14).

“I am the least of all God’s people…” (Ephesians 3:8 GW).

“As for human praise, we have never sought it from you or anyone else” (1 Thessalonians 2:6 NLT).

Yet despite these expressions of humility and his desire to find common ground wherever possible, we’ll soon discover that Paul was not reluctant to correct error wherever he encountered it.

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Romans – Chapter One II

by Ed Urzi December 10, 2025

The New Testament book of Acts chronicles the account of a man named Saul as he systematically “…began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off both men and women and put them in prison” (Acts 8:3 NIV). However, the following chapter details an encounter that changed Saul’s life and subsequently altered the course of untold numbers of human lives to follow…

“As he journeyed he came near Damascus, and suddenly a light shone around him from heaven. Then he fell to the ground, and heard a voice saying to him, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting Me?’ And he said, ‘Who are You, Lord?’ Then the Lord said, ‘I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting… Then the Lord said to him, ‘Arise and go into the city, and you will be told what you must do'” (Acts 9:3-5, 6).

We’re later told that Paul continued on to Damascus, regained the eyesight he lost during that encounter, and immediately began to preach Jesus as the Messiah. From the moment he first encountered Jesus until the end of his life, Paul consistently displayed the revolutionary impact of that meeting.

For instance, Saul was described as someone who “…kept up his violent threats of murder against the followers of the Lord” (Acts 9:1 GNT) prior to his conversion. But following his Damascus Road experience, Paul freely expressed his love for those he formerly persecuted. While he was occasionally provoked to anger by the actions of others, he was quick to make amends. And even though Paul was unwavering in his faith in Christ, he sought to find common ground with others wherever possible.

Despite the transformative shift in Paul’s life, there was one consistent element that distinguished his pre and post conversion experience: a sense of fervent zeal. While he once preached adherence to the Mosaic law (and zealously persecuted those who abandoned that law to follow Christ), Paul later re-channeled those energies in bringing the message of salvation through faith in Christ to others.

Paul explained that commitment in a letter to the church that met in the ancient city of Corinth…

“For God was in Christ, reconciling the world to himself, no longer counting people’s sins against them. And he gave us this wonderful message of reconciliation. So we are Christ’s ambassadors; God is making his appeal through us. We speak for Christ when we plead, ‘Come back to God!’ For God made Christ, who never sinned, to be the offering for our sin, so that we could be made right with God through Christ” (2 Corinthian 5:19-21 NLT).

Image Attribution: Caravaggio, The Conversion of Saint Paul on the Way to Damascus, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

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Romans – Chapter One I

by Ed Urzi December 9, 2025

Introduction to Paul the Apostle

The seventh chapter of the Biblical book of Acts details the account of Stephen, the first person to die for his faith in Christ. As Stephen’s executioners led him from the city to face his death, they left their cloaks with a young man named Saul. That seemingly minor detail represents our unlikely introduction to the man who is better known today as Paul the Apostle.

How could someone like Saul, a man who once sanctioned the murder of Christians, grow to become the author of the Epistle to the Romans and a minimum of twelve other New Testament books? How could someone who once “laid waste the church” became such an influential figure that one commentator has remarked, “Apart from Jesus Christ, St. Paul is the greatest figure in the history of Christianity.” (1) The answer is that Saul is someone who may best exemplify the transformative power of a genuine encounter with Christ.

Saul was born in the ancient city of Tarsus, likely during the early years of the first century. Tarsus was a prominent city in the region of Cilicia, a place that was distinguished by its commitment to higher learning. He was a man of Jewish heritage from the tribe of Benjamin who also held a Roman citizenship. Thus, he bore the Roman name Paul in addition to his birth name.

As a youth, Saul studied under a rabbi named Gamaliel, a member of the Jewish high council who was a respected leader and Old Testament scholar. In fact, Saul was so proficient in his study of the Old Testament law that he once made the following declaration: “I advanced in Judaism beyond many contemporaries among my people, because I was extremely zealous for the traditions of my ancestors” (Galatians 1:14 CSB).

A brief passage in an apocryphal 2nd century document is the only traditional description we have of Saul’s physical appearance. That text is known as The Acts of Paul and Thecla and it describes Saul as, “…a man of little stature, thin-haired upon the head, crooked in the legs, of good state of body, with eyebrows meeting, and with nose somewhat hooked…” (2)

Saul’s zeal for the traditions of his ancestors was such that he embarked on a self-appointed quest to apprehend and incarcerate those who professed their faith in Christ. To further that objective, he sought letters of recommendation for presentation to the synagogues in the city of Damascus to facilitate the arrest of any Christians found living there.

But as he was on the way, Saul had an encounter that has influenced untold numbers of lives and continues to do so today.

Image Attribution: User:Alecmconroy, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
(1) McNeile, A. H. (1920). St. Paul: his life, letters, and Christian doctrine. Introduction, pg. IX https://archive.org/details/stpaulhislifelet0000mcne/page/n5/mode/2up

(2) Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Apocrypha of the New Testament/Acts of Paul and Thecla (1.7) – Wikisource, the free online library. (n.d.) . https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_VIII/Apocrypha_of_the_New_Testament/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla , quoted in Barclay, William. “Commentary on 2 Corinthians 10”. “William Barclay’s Daily Study Bible”. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dsb/2-corinthians-10.html. 1956-1959.

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Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two IX

by Ed Urzi December 8, 2025

In Revelation 22:20, we encounter the Bible’s final recorded statement from Jesus…

“He who testifies to these things says, ‘Surely I am coming quickly.’ Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus! The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen” (Revelation 22:20-21).

So what did Jesus choose to share as His final message? Well, those last words are, “Surely I am coming quickly.” In fact, this is the third time He has spoken this same message in the concluding chapter of this book (the other two instances appear in verses seven and twelve). This is something that should command our attention, for a repetitive statement usually indicates that someone is seeking to emphasize a point.

For instance, we might respond to a suggested course of action with a simple “no.” Or, we might express our strong aversion to that idea by replying, “no, no, no.” That latter response employs a repetitive statement to make a point, and it’s possible that Jesus has taken a similar approach here in the last chapter of Revelation. But if that is the case, then why would He do so?

One answer relates to how easily we can become absorbed by the seemingly endless array of obligations, responsibilities, and “to-do” lists that accompany the grind of daily life. The stresses of everyday living may obscure the fact that this life only represents a small portion of our existence. For instance, how would our lives differ if we acted on these messages from Revelation 22:7, 22:12, and 22:20? How might things change if we pursued a mindset that aligned with Revelation 22:12: “‘Listen!’ says Jesus. ‘I am coming soon! I will bring my rewards with me, to give to each one according to what he has done'” (GNT).

These verses also remind us that Jesus is certain to show up unexpectedly in the lives of those who fail to look for Him. Therefore, we should seek to cultivate an attitude and lifestyle that honors God and awaits Christ’s return whenever it may occur. In the meantime, Jesus presents us with an opportunity to make a difference in a world that desperately needs it. Thus, we should endeavor to take advantage of those opportunities in light of this cautionary message from Revelation 22:20.

Since we don’t know what the future holds, we should live with the expectation of Christ’s return, and plan as if God will grant us the blessing of a long, good life. And with that, we will close our time in the book of Revelation with the benediction of the final verse…

“May the grace of the Lord Jesus be with you all” (Mounce).

Image Attribution: Make a difference by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0 Pix4free

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