“Then I took the little book out of the angel’s hand and ate it, and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth. But when I had eaten it, my stomach became bitter” (Revelation 10:10).

A decision to internalize God’s Word may produce some bitter experiences, just as our author discovered in the passage quoted above. The same may be true of anyone who seeks to read the Biblical Scriptures and act upon them. For instance, consider the following message from Jesus to His followers and the crowds who gathered to hear his teachings…

“Then, calling the crowd to join his disciples, he said, ‘If any of you wants to be my follower, you must give up your own way, take up your cross, and follow me. If you try to hang on to your life, you will lose it. But if you give up your life for my sake and for the sake of the Good News, you will save it'” (Mark 8:34-35 NLT).

This portion of Scripture begins with an open invitation from Jesus to those who wish to follow Him. Jesus conveyed that invitation as follows: “Whoever wants to be my disciple…” (NIV). This tells us that the path to discipleship is open to anyone without qualification. Nevertheless, that decision carries a price. The New King James translation of this passage calculates that price for us: “Whoever desires to come after Me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me.”

“Denying yourself” and “taking up your cross” are two demanding, but essential characteristics of genuine discipleship. First, “denying yourself” is an act that demands humility. It requires us to abandon the single-minded pursuit of our personal interests and subordinate them to Christ. It also means that we can no longer allow “what’s best for me?” to guide our life philosophy. Instead, we must be willing to substitute Jesus’ priorities for our priorities as we navigate the circumstances of life.

The phrase “taking up your cross” points to the rejection, intolerance, opposition, and/or persecution that all true followers of Christ experience to greater or lesser degrees. As Jesus once remarked in speaking of end-times events, “… everyone will hate you because you are mine. But all who endure to the end without renouncing me shall be saved” (Mark 13:13 TLB).

That parallels our author’s bitter experience here in Revelation 10:9. However, Jesus also left us with a sweeter aspect to consider as well: “I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world” (John 16:33 NIV).

“Then the angel I had seen standing on the sea and on the land raised his right hand to heaven” (Revelation 10:5 NIV).

While the identity of this angel is uncertain, we can make some educated guesses. For instance, this angel could be Michael, the archangel. Since “arche” means “first” in the original language of the New Testament, Michael is among the highest ranking (if not the highest-ranking), angelic beings. Michael will also enter battle against Satan himself later in Revelation chapter twelve.

A second possibility is the angel Gabriel. By his own admission, Gabriel is an angel who stands in the presence of God. However, we should recognize that the vast majority of the angelic beings who appear in the Scriptures remain unnamed and unidentifiable. Much like this anonymous multitude, the same is true of the angel we encounter here in Revelation 10:5.

In any event, this angel issued a decisive proclamation in verse six: “There will be no more delay!” (NIV). As mentioned previously, this represents the beginning of the end for the current world order. From this point forward, God’s purposes will accelerate toward their ultimate culmination.

“Then the voice which I heard from heaven spoke to me again and said, ‘Go, take the little book which is open in the hand of the angel who stands on the sea and on the earth.’ So I went to the angel and said to him, ‘Give me the little book.’ And he said to me, ‘Take and eat it; and it will make your stomach bitter, but it will be as sweet as honey in your mouth.’

Then I took the little book out of the angel’s hand and ate it, and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth. But when I had eaten it, my stomach became bitter. And he said to me, ‘You must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings.’ (Revelation 10:8-11).

Much like the symbolic imagery of an open book tells us that God is open to sharing His message with us, the fact that John consumes this book carries significance as well. Just as John ate the little book that was given to him, we should also internalize God’s Word as well.

For instance, a person who refuses to eat will eventually grow physically weak. In the same manner, a person who doesn’t prayerfully read the Scriptures is sure to grow spiritually weak. Therefore, this passage reminds us that we would do well to ensure that we internalize a portion of God’s Word each day.

“Then the angel I had seen standing on the sea and on the land raised his right hand to heaven. And he swore by him who lives for ever and ever, who created the heavens and all that is in them, the earth and all that is in it, and the sea and all that is in it, and said, ‘There will be no more delay! But in the days when the seventh angel is about to sound his trumpet, the mystery of God will be accomplished, just as he announced to his servants the prophets.'” (Revelation 10:5-7 NIV).

These verses allow us to return to a discussion we began earlier in our look at Revelation chapter ten. There are several points of similarity between the angelic being depicted here in verse five and some of the descriptions of Jesus given to us earlier in the Book of Revelation. So who is the being mentioned here within this passage?

We find an important clue to his identity in verse six: “And he swore by him who lives for ever and ever…’” With this in mind, consider how Jesus introduced Himself to our author in Revelation chapter one: “I am the One who lives; I was dead, but look, I am alive forever and ever…” (Revelation 1:18 NCV). If Jesus is the One who is alive forever and ever, then he would have no need to swear by Him who lives forever and ever.

This tells us that this being is who he is said to be: a mighty angel. But this leaves one question unanswered: if this being is an angel, then why does he bear a striking resemblance to Jesus? One potential answer lies in the fact that we often tend to adopt the characteristics and mannerisms of our associates. This mighty angel may thus bear a resemblance to Jesus because he has spent time in Jesus’ presence.

The Old Testament book of Exodus offers a comparable example. For instance, Exodus 34:29-35 tells us that Moses’ face grew bright with a radiant glow whenever he returned from spending time in God’s presence. In a similar manner, the more time we spend in Jesus’ presence, the greater our potential to adopt His characteristic qualities as well.

Finally, the New Testament epistle of 1 John offers an encouraging truth in this regard: “Beloved, now we are children of God; and it has not yet been revealed what we shall be, but we know that when He is revealed, we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is” (1 John 3:2).

“The angel was holding a small scroll open in his hand…” (Revelation 10:2 NCV).

A contemporary equivalent of this “small scroll” would be a booklet, or similar type of diminutive written work. Although we can speculate on the contents of this scroll, one thing is certain: it is a message that comes from God. We should also notice how this angel holds this scroll: it is “…open in his hand.” So even though we are not alerted to the contents of this book, the symbolic imagery of an open scroll tells us that God is open to sharing His Word with us.

The fact that this angel “…planted his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land” (NIV) is also more significant than it may appear. While many terrible things are yet to come in the book of Revelation, this marks the beginning of the end of the enemy’s reign upon the world. Much like soldier who recaptures a land area that was taken by a hostile force, this angel has “planted his foot” and reclaimed the sea and the land of this planet for God.

“Then he shouted in a loud voice like a lion roaring, and when he shouted, the seven thunders sounded their voices. When the seven thunders spoke, I was preparing to write, but just then I heard a voice from heaven say, ‘Seal up what the seven thunders spoke and do not write it down'” (Revelation 10:3-4).

This seems unusual; why would our author reference this sequence of events if he was forbidden to write about what he heard? We can address this question in two ways. First, this passage reminds us that God may not reveal every aspect of His plan for us. In other words, it is God’s prerogative to withhold certain information from us if He chooses to do so.

Next, God may elect to reveal certain things to some individuals, but withhold such information from others as He sees fit. John, the author of Revelation, serves as a case in point. John knew exactly what these seven thunders said, for he was prepared to record it. But in this instance, God chose to reveal that information to John exclusively and not to anyone else. This tells us that there are certain things that God may choose to keep to Himself, or share with others on a case-by-case basis.

Finally, in a general sense, John’s experience should remind us of the need to exercise discretion in sharing the information we receive. That does not obligate us to remain silent in matters that are illegal, immoral, or unethical, but it should prompt us to be discriminating when it comes to disclosing what we learn. For example, this should inspire us to think carefully before we publicize the faults, idiosyncrasies, and shortcomings of others, especially those within the family of God. As Jesus Himself reminded us, “Treat others as you want them to treat you” (Matthew 7:12 CEV).

“I saw still another mighty angel coming down from heaven, clothed with a cloud. And a rainbow was on his head, his face was like the sun, and his feet like pillars of fire. He had a little book open in his hand. And he set his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land, and cried with a loud voice, as when a lion roars.

When he cried out, seven thunders uttered their voices. Now when the seven thunders uttered their voices, I was about to write; but I heard a voice from heaven saying to me, “Seal up the things which the seven thunders uttered, and do not write them” (Revelation 10:1-4).

The preceding chapters of the Book of Revelation detailed the trumpet calls of five angelic beings. Each of the first four trumpets heralded a different natural disaster, while the fifth unleashed a terrifying swarm of demonic creatures. The sixth trumpet sounded in Revelation 9:13, followed by the release of four murderous angels with an armed force of 200 million members that decimated one-third of humanity.

While we might ordinarily expect to see the seventh and final trumpet sound here in Revelation chapter ten, that will not take place until we reach Revelation 11:15. In the interim, the Book of Revelation presents us with a brief interlude that extends from the opening verse of this chapter through the first half of the following chapter. This portion of Scripture opens with a reference to “…another mighty angel coming down from heaven. He was robed in a cloud, with a rainbow above his head; his face was like the sun, and his legs were like fiery pillars” (NIV).

So what observations can we make regarding this angelic being? Well, our text from Revelation 10:1-4 offers several characteristics…

• He is a being of great strength.
• He is robed in a cloud.
• There is a rainbow above his head.
• His face was like the sun.
• His legs were like fiery pillars.

These characteristics seem to bear a resemblance to Jesus as we see Him in the book of Revelation. Consider the following parallels…

• Jesus is identified as “the first and last” in Revelation 1:17, a testament to His superior strength.
• Revelation 1:7 says that “He is coming with clouds.”
• We encountered a rainbow above the throne of God in Revelation 4:3.
• Revelation 1:16 says that “His face was like the sun shining in all its brilliance.“
• His feet were like “bronze glowing in a furnace…” according to Revelation 1:15.

We’ll revisit these items with an eye towards a personal application later in our study of this chapter.

“The rest of mankind that were not killed by these plagues still did not repent of the work of their hands; they did not stop worshiping demons, and idols of gold, silver, bronze, stone and wood– idols that cannot see or hear or walk. Nor did they repent of their murders, their magic arts, their sexual immorality or their thefts” (Revelation 9:20-21 NIV).

The final verse of Revelation chapter nine references several unlawful or destructive behaviors. First among those behaviors is murder, or the unlawful killing of one human being by another. ₍₁₎ While homicides come in various forms, these killings are clearly premeditated and would likely meet the legal threshold for first-degree murder in many jurisdictions.

The next item on our list from Revelation 9:21 is “magic arts” or “sorceries” (NKJV). Although we commonly associate these practices with witchcraft, they also encompass the use, or administering, of drugs.  ₍₂₎  These words are derived from the word pharmakeia in the original language of this passage, a word that serves as the basis of modern-day terms like “pharmacy” and “pharmaceutical.” In contrast to a contemporary pharmacy where qualified professionals dispense medicinal compounds to heal the sick and injured, this term carries a very different meaning…

“In ‘sorcery,’ the use of drugs, whether simple or potent, was generally accompanied by incantations and appeals to occult powers, with the provision of various charms, amulets, etc., professedly designed to keep the applicant or patient from the attention and power of demons, but actually to impress the applicant with the mysterious resources and powers of the sorcerer.” ₍₃₎

So this informative portion of Scripture tells us that any teaching or philosophy that involves the use of drugs to achieve an altered state of consciousness is not of God.

Next comes “sexual immorality.” This refers to any type of physical relationship that occurs outside of a Biblically valid marriage partnership. Jesus defined that standard for us in the following manner…

“…at the beginning of creation God ‘made them male and female.’ ‘For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh.’ So they are no longer two, but one. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate” (Mark 10:6-9 NIV).

This list of negative behaviors then closes with a reference to “thefts.” This word embodies the idea of a “thing stolen.” ₍₃₎ While we might associate this idea with the actions of a bank robber or shoplifter, this concept applies to anyone who takes something that does not belong to them, regardless of their intent or the value of that item.

So the horrific events described here in Revelation chapter nine should underscore our need for prayerful self-examination to help ensure our lives are free from similar practices today.

(1) murder. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition, Copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

(2) G5331 – pharmakeia – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g5331/kjv/tr/0-1/

(3) G2809 – klemma – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g2809/kjv/tr/0-1/

“For the power of the horses is in their mouths and in their tails, for their tails, which resemble snakes, have heads, and they inflict injury with them” (Revelation 9:19 HCSB).

If we associate these references from Revelation 9:17-19 with various forms of mechanized warfare, then these “breastplates” may translate to some form of protective gear. “Fire, smoke and sulfur” might describe the use of an ordinance launcher or similar type of armament. Revelation 9:19 also provides us with the following description: “The power of these horses is in their mouths and their tails” (GW). Whatever form that power takes, it clearly describes the use of front and rear mounted weaponry.

“But the rest of mankind, who were not killed by these plagues, did not repent of the works of their hands, that they should not worship demons, and idols of gold, silver, brass, stone, and wood, which can neither see nor hear nor walk. And they did not repent of their murders or their sorceries or their sexual immorality or their thefts” (Revelation 9:20-21).

This passage establishes a relationship between the “works of their hands” and the broader concept of worship. “Worship” signifies a profound act of reverence toward another person or thing. In also conveys the image of kissing one’s hand, just as one might do in the presence of royalty. ₍₁₎ So those who survived the onslaught described in Revelation chapter nine stubbornly continued to offer the respect and reverence that is reserved for God alone to His enemies and/or inanimate objects.

That brings us to this reference to “…idols of gold, silver, bronze, stone, and wood, which cannot see, hear, or walk” (GNT). While idolatry may encompass a range of behaviors, we can associate an idol with anything we love, fear, or depend upon more than God. When something takes God’s place within our lives, that thing (whatever it is) effectively becomes an idol.

When we speak of idolatry, we are essentially referring to a question of misplaced priorities. For instance, let’s take the case of an individual who prioritizes the acquisition of financial wealth above all else. A person who prioritizes money in that manner is just as guilty of idolatry as those who worshipped “idols of gold, silver, brass, stone, and wood, which can neither see nor hear nor walk.” The same is true of anything that takes God’s place within our lives.

Objects of idolatry might include material possessions, positions of power or influence, or other human beings, to name a few examples. Therefore, we may rightfully classify anything that displaces the love and devotion that belongs to our Creator as an idol.

Image Attribution :unattributed, via Pixabay

(1) See G4352 – proskyneo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4352/kjv/tr/0-1/

“Then the four angels who had been prepared for this hour, day, month, and year were set free to kill a third of humanity” (Revelation 9:15 NET).

We should not move past this portion of Scripture without giving serious thought to its content. First, notice that these four angels “…had been held ready for the hour, the day, the month and the year” (Phillips). This passage evokes the image of four predators, each pulling at the end of its restraint, ready to be unleashed at the right moment.

So how long had these entities been waiting for their opportunity to decimate one-third of the remaining human race? Was it years? Centuries? Millennia? Eons? Or perhaps longer? How long have these beings visualized, strategized, and planned for this opportunity? Once again, this passage reminds us that demonic entities are not like the roguish little troublemakers that appear in various forms of media. Instead, this portion of Scripture serves to illustrate their true nature.

“Now the number of the army of the horsemen was two hundred million; I heard the number of them” (Revelation 9:16).

So these angels seem to be the motivating force behind these armed forces. Nevertheless, an army comprising two hundred million troops would have been unimaginable when these words were first authored, for that figure likely encompassed the world’s entire population during that period. In fact, that number is significantly larger than the estimated 127 million people who comprised the collective armed forces of all the nations that took part in World War II.

Because of this, some commentators believe that Revelation 9:16 simply refers to a significant number of troops. However, the fact that the author of Revelation specifically tells us “I heard their number,” suggests that we should take this figure literally.

“And thus I saw the horses in the vision: those who sat on them had breastplates of fiery red, hyacinth blue, and sulfur yellow; and the heads of the horses were like the heads of lions; and out of their mouths came fire, smoke, and brimstone.

By these three plagues a third of mankind was killed–by the fire and the smoke and the brimstone which came out of their mouths. For their power is in their mouth and in their tails; for their tails are like serpents, having heads; and with them they do harm” (Revelation 9:17-19).

These references have led some to speculate that this passage refers to some sort of futuristic mechanized warfare. We’ll consider that possibility next.

“And they had as king over them the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, but in Greek he has the name Apollyon” (Revelation 9:11).

Abaddon and Apollyon are words that convey a similar meaning: destruction, or destroyer. This has led some to speculate that a single demonic entity governs the Abyss and directs these locust beings to inflict pain and suffering upon their human victims.

“One woe is past. Behold, still two more woes are coming after these things. Then the sixth angel sounded: And I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden altar which is before God, saying to the sixth angel who had the trumpet, ‘Release the four angels who are bound at the great river Euphrates.’

So the four angels, who had been prepared for the hour and day and month and year, were released to kill a third of mankind. Now the number of the army of the horsemen was two hundred million; I heard the number of them” (Revelation 9:12-16).

The Euphrates River is a lengthy waterway that traverses a significant portion of the Middle East. This body of water flows from the mountains of Turkey through the nations of Syria and Iraq and later joins the Tigris River before it reaches the Persian Gulf on the Iranian border. The Euphrates River once formed the eastern boundary of the ancient Roman Empire for several centuries, as well as the land God promised to Abraham’s descendants, the Jewish people (see Genesis 15:18).

Other ancient civilizations that controlled portions of the Euphrates river valley included the Hittites (the modern day inhabitants of Turkey), the Assyrians (modern day Syria), the Babylonians (modern day Iraq), and the Persians (modern day Iran). These people groups brought considerable adversity upon the nation of Israel during the Old Testament period. In addition, the Biblical book of Daniel chronicles the account of an angelic being who had been intercepted by a spiritual adversary who was identified as “the Prince of Persia” (see Daniel chapter ten, verses thirteen and twenty).

Therefore, it should not surprise us to learn that four demonic beings have been incarcerated within this area. And even though the locusts that were released from the Abyss were truly horrific, they only possessed the capability to inflict suffering and torment upon their victims. In contrast, the angelic beings seen here in Revelation 9:12-16 are executioners who hold the power to act upon their murderous intent.

Image Attribution : Alen Ištoković, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

“In appearance the locusts were like horses prepared for battle: on their heads were what looked like crowns of gold; their faces were like human faces, their hair like women’s hair, and their teeth like lions’ teeth; they had breastplates like breastplates of iron, and the noise of their wings was like the noise of many chariots with horses rushing into battle. They have tails and stings like scorpions, and their power to hurt people for five months is in their tails” (Revelation 9:7-10 ESV).

Revelation 9:7-10 offers a physical description of the locust creatures that emerge from the bottomless pit described earlier in this chapter. Some associate these physical characteristics with the advent of modern day weaponry. For example, these “crowns of gold” may refer to a type of helmet. If face shields were deployed with such helmets, a first century observer (like the author of Revelation) might note a resemblance to “human faces.”

This reference to “…breastplates of iron” might refer to some type of body armor. The audible comparison to a sound “…like the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle” may represent a primitive reference to a helicopter gunship or other form of mobile weaponry. But whatever these descriptions pertain to, one thing is clear: these creatures are targeting those who have rejected God. In fact, these attacks will be so horrific that people “…shall desire to die, and death shall flee from them” (Revelation 9:6 KLV).

This portion of Scripture thus illustrates what can occur when God removes the restraints He places upon the members of the demonic realm. It also reminds us that demonic beings do not resemble the cartoonish pranksters some portray them to be. Instead, Revelation chapter nine offers a realistic portrait of these dangerous entities in their natural predatory state.

With these things in mind,  we would do well to refrain from any form of involvement with occultism, or contact with the spirit world. For instance, recall Jesus’ cautionary message from John 8:44: “…[The devil] was a murderer from the beginning, and does not stand in the truth, because there is no truth in him.” In addition, the Biblical book of 1 Peter tells us, “…Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour” (1 Peter 5:8 NIV).

Taken together with our text from Revelation chapter nine, these passages illustrate the violent, aggressive nature of these dangerous spiritual entities. So while the book of Revelation speaks largely of the future, this passage offers a valuable and relevant lesson for today as well.

“Then locusts came from the smoke and descended on the earth, and they were given power to sting like scorpions. They were told not to harm the grass or plants or trees, but only the people who did not have the seal of God on their foreheads” (Revelation 9:3-4 NLT).

Revelation 9:3 presents us with a swarm of locusts that emerge from the Abyss mentioned earlier in verse one. Their emergence from this bottomless pit suggests these locusts are demonic in nature, or at least demonically influenced.

While an ordinary locust will consume most growing plants, these locusts don’t eat such vegetation. In fact, Revelation 9:4 specifically informs us they “…were told not to harm the grass or plants or trees.” So there is clearly something unnatural regarding the behavior of these creatures. But even though these locusts abstained from consuming the world’s plant life, they were far from benign: “They could harm only the people who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads” (GW). So their damage will be inflicted upon those who neglect to establish a relationship with God.

“The shape of the locusts was like horses prepared for battle. On their heads were crowns of something like gold, and their faces were like the faces of men. They had hair like women’s hair, and their teeth were like lions’ teeth. And they had breastplates like breastplates of iron, and the sound of their wings was like the sound of chariots with many horses running into battle.

They had tails like scorpions, and there were stings in their tails. Their power was to hurt men five months. And they had as king over them the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, but in Greek he has the name Apollyon” (Revelation 9:7-11).

It’s interesting to note that the lifespan of an average locust typically ranges from three to five months, depending on the species and environmental conditions. That neatly coincides with this reference to “five months” here in Revelation 9:10. But that’s where those similarities end, for the locusts of Revelation chapter nine also “…had tails with stingers like scorpions” (HCSB).

Scorpion venom contains neurotoxins that can lead to a range of symptoms, including severe pain and swelling, numbness, frothing at the mouth, respiratory paralysis, and convulsions. With this in mind, it’s easy to understand why we are told, “During those days people will seek death but will not find it; they will long to die, but death will elude them” (Revelation 9:6 NIV).

“The fifth angel sounded his trumpet, and I saw a star that had fallen from the sky to the earth. The star was given the key to the shaft of the Abyss” (Revelation 9:1 NIV).

The entity described in Revelation 9:1 as the “star that had fallen to earth” is clearly a sentient being capable of thought and interaction. Jesus once identified someone who fell in a similar manner when He told a group of His followers, “…’I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven'” in Luke 10:18. Thus, we should consider the possibility that these two entities may be one and the same.

This individual received the key to a realm known as “the Abyss,” or “bottomless pit.” The Abyss is associated with the abode of demons, and represents a chasm of immeasurable depth. ₍₁₎ It also seems to function as a place of confinement for some particularly wicked demons until their release here in the book of Revelation. Thus, it remains securely locked until God elects to release the key.

So this fallen star received access to the Abyss and immediately put that access to use…

“And he opened the bottomless pit, and smoke arose out of the pit like the smoke of a great furnace. So the sun and the air were darkened because of the smoke of the pit.

Then out of the smoke locusts came upon the earth. And to them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power. They were commanded not to harm the grass of the earth, or any green thing, or any tree, but only those men who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads. And they were not given authority to kill them, but to torment them for five months.

Their torment was like the torment of a scorpion when it strikes a man. In those days men will seek death and will not find it; they will desire to die, and death will flee from them” (Revelation 9:2-6).

These verses present us with the imagery of a key that opens the door to malevolent spiritual forces. This should prompt us to consider other doors that should remain closed as we travel the corridor of life. For instance, some of those doors may open the way to an inappropriate relationship, financial devastation, or involvement with various forms of the occult, among others.

You see, the road to alcoholism, marital infidelity, compulsive gambling, and other harmful behaviors rarely starts with a conscious decision to embrace those activities. Instead, they often begin with an ill-advised decision to open a door that should have remained sealed. If we never open the door to such things, we may avoid the negative consequences that await on the other side.

Image Attribution :silhouette of door knob, via PickPik

(1) G12 – abyssos – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (nasb20). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g12/nasb20/mgnt/0-1/

Four judgments have unfolded within the Book of Revelation since the beginning of chapter eight, each heralded by the sound of a trumpet. The first trumpet brought widespread environmental devastation. The second trumpet unleashed destruction upon the planet’s marine environment, aquatic life, and seafaring vessels. The third trumpet rendered one-third of the earth’s freshwater supply undrinkable. Finally, all natural light was reduced by one-third at the sound of the fourth trumpet.

Each of these judgments had one thing in common: they each brought large-scale ruin to the natural realm. But now, as we move forward into Revelation chapter nine, we will encounter God’s spiritual adversaries as they begin to unleash their terrifying power upon humanity…

“Then the fifth angel sounded: And I saw a star fallen from heaven to the earth. To him was given the key to the bottomless pit. And he opened the bottomless pit, and smoke arose out of the pit like the smoke of a great furnace. So the sun and the air were darkened because of the smoke of the pit” (Revelation 9:1-2).

Earlier in Revelation chapter eight, we read of “…a great star, burning like a torch, [that] fell from heaven” (Revelation 8:10 CEB). While a cursory glance at these passages might suggest a relationship between these stars, a closer examination of our text from Revelation 9:1 reveals something very different.

First, the imagery of a star clearly plays a prominent role in each narrative. But in Revelation chapter eight, a blazing star plunges to the earth, while Revelation nine depicts a star that opens a bottomless pit. Our text from Revelation chapter nine also tells us that this star had “…fallen from heaven to the earth.” This indicates that the events pertaining to the fall of this star had taken place in the past. On the other hand, the appearance of the star from Revelation chapter eight was a contemporaneous event for those who experienced it.

We should also note that the star in Revelation nine “…was given the key to the bottomless pit.” This tells us that we are not dealing with an inanimate object or cosmic phenomena like the star of Revelation chapter eight.

Finally, the star of Revelation chapter nine “…opened the long shaft of the Abyss (the bottomless pit)” (Revelation 9:2 AMPC). Unlike the star from our previous chapter, this star possessed the ability to think and interact. The passage also makes use of pronouns like “he” and “him,” thus identifying this star as a personal being.

We’ll seek to identify that being next.

“Then the fourth angel sounded: And a third of the sun was struck, a third of the moon, and a third of the stars, so that a third of them were darkened. A third of the day did not shine, and likewise the night. And I looked, and I heard an angel flying through the midst of heaven, saying with a loud voice, ‘Woe, woe, woe to the inhabitants of the earth, because of the remaining blasts of the trumpet of the three angels who are about to sound!'” (Revelation 8:12-13).

In addition to the losses described in the previous verses of Revelation chapter eight, this passage tells us that there will be a thirty-three percent reduction in natural light. Whatever the cause, this will undoubtedly lead to negative changes in the areas of global meteorology, temperature, and agriculture, among others.

So now that we have reached the final verse of Revelation chapter eight, it may be helpful to perform a brief assessment. First, let’s consider the impact of these judgments upon humanity. Thus far, we have witnessed the loss of the earth’s grass surfaces, as well as a thirty-three percent reduction in the planet’s tree cover, marine life, seafaring vessels, freshwater supply, and natural light. It’s hard to imagine anything that could be worse than that.

Yet, the final verse of this chapter closes with an ominous statement: “…’Woe! Woe! Woe to those who live on the earth, because of the remaining trumpet blasts that the three angels are about to sound!’” (HCSB). While the judgments of Revelation chapter eight have been restricted to the natural realm, that will change as we enter Revelation chapter nine.

In the following chapter, we will encounter destructive spiritual forces that are far worse than anything we’ve seen to this point. In contrast to a video game or horror movie where gamers and viewers can easily leave the terrors of a virtual world, those who are alive during this period will face a succession of menacing, real-life, living nightmares.

But for now, Revelation chapter eight reminds us that God has blessed us with a variety of gifts that we may sometimes take for granted. For instance, what if our water was too polluted to drink? What if each day brought thirty-three percent less sunlight? What if a large percentage of the grass and trees in our neighborhoods were suddenly incinerated? What if farmers and ranchers produced one-third less food?

These essential elements of life, such as fresh air, sunshine, food to eat, and clean water, are blessings we shouldn’t take for granted. As we reflect upon these things and the ease with which they might vanish, we should grow in our sense of gratitude for the God who graciously blesses us.

Image Attribution :Smoke-darkened Sun, CC BY-NC 2.0, Linda in Fortuna, via flickr.com, disclaimer notice

“Then the second angel sounded: And something like a great mountain burning with fire was thrown into the sea, and a third of the sea became blood. And a third of the living creatures in the sea died, and a third of the ships were destroyed” (Revelation 8:8-9).

The first global judgment of Revelation chapter eight affected the grass and trees. That was followed by a similar judgment upon the seas here in verses eight and nine. This catastrophic event was precipitated by “…what appeared to be a huge burning mountain [that] was thrown into the sea” (TLB). From a 21st century perspective, this appears to describe a meteorite or other stellar object entering the earth’s atmosphere prior to impact in one of the world’s oceans.

That event prompted the destruction of “…a third of the living creatures in the sea” (Revelation 8:9 NIV). Much like the previous judgment, the loss of one-third of the earth’s marine life would have a catastrophic effect on the food chain that sustains humanity. From the rancid odor of decaying fish to the collapse of various marine ecosystems, this act of judgment will bring an unprecedented level of devastation.

We should also note that one-third of all seafaring ships were destroyed in this event. With an untold number of sailing vessels throughout the globe, along with their passengers and crew, the human toll associated with this event will be immeasurable. That excludes the financial loss of any cargo that may have been aboard those vessels.

“Then the third angel sounded: And a great star fell from heaven, burning like a torch, and it fell on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water. The name of the star is Wormwood. A third of the waters became wormwood, and many men died from the water, because it was made bitter” (Revelation 8:10-11).

Verses ten to eleven describe another object falling from the sky. However, our author depicts this second item as “as great star” that was “burning like a torch.” This object thus appears to be less substantial than the one that resembled a “huge burning mountain.” Nevertheless, that was enough to poison one-third of the earth’s freshwater supply.

Verse eleven also adds some additional detail: “The name of the star is Wormwood.” Wormwood is a type of plant that is described by one commentator in the following manner…

“Many species of wormwood (a woody herb) grow in Palestine, and all have a strong, bitter (but not poisonous) taste, which causes the plant to be used as a symbol of bitterness, sorrow, and calamity. This plague will make a third part of the fresh water supply of the earth unfit for human consumption.” ₍₁₎

Image Attribution: Hermann Adolf Köhler (1834 – 1879), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Ryrie, C. C. (1995). The Ryrie Study Bible. Note on Revelation 8:11

“Then another angel, having a golden censer, came and stood at the altar. He was given much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all the saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. And the smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints, ascended before God from the angel’s hand” (Revelation 8:3-4).

Revelation 8:3 draws upon the imagery of an Old Testament-era priest and the sacrificial offerings of that period. For instance, the Biblical book of Leviticus tells us that some of the glowing embers from the altar were carefully transferred to a censer on the Day Of Atonement and combined with fragrant incense for presentation before the Lord (see Leviticus chapter sixteen).

While the Biblical Scriptures do not provide us with an exact description of a censer, it may have resembled a shovel-like object, a ladle, or a bowl-shaped device with an elongated handle. Since Revelation 5:8 earlier referenced “bowls” of incense, some form of that shape seems most likely. But more significant is the fact that this incense was offered “…with the prayers of all the saints.” Once again, this divine association of human prayer with the pleasing aroma of fragrant incense should encourage us to commune with God in prayer.

However, this reverent scene was about to change dramatically…

“Then the angel took the censer, filled it with fire from the altar, and threw it to the earth. And there were noises, thunderings, lightnings, and an earthquake. So the seven angels who had the seven trumpets prepared themselves to sound. The first angel sounded: And hail and fire followed, mingled with blood, and they were thrown to the earth. And a third of the trees were burned up, and all green grass was burned up” (Revelation 8:5-7).

In the original language of this passage, the phrase “burned up” conveys the image of something that has been burned to the ground or wholly consumed. ₍₁₎ The prospect of one-third of our planet’s surface being destroyed in such a manner is difficult to fully grasp. For instance, consider the devastation that would be wrought by the incineration of the world’s pasture lands and one third of all trees. That figure might also encompass one third of the rice, wheat, and other grains that feed much of the world’s population.

The scope of such destruction is almost too terrible to contemplate. Finally, there is a reference to hail and fire mixed with blood. Whatever the precise meaning of that phrase, it is certain to be highly destructive as well.

Image Attribution : illustrators of the 1890 Holman Bible, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) G2618 – katakaio – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g2618/kjv/tr/0-1/

Earlier in Revelation chapter five, we read how Jesus, the Lamb of God, took a scroll with seven seals from the right hand of the one who sat upon a celestial throne. Six of those seven seals were opened in Revelation chapter six. The following chapter then unveiled a quartet of angels who restrained four destructive winds until God’s people were numbered and set apart. With the completion of that task, we now turn to chapter eight and the opening of the seventh and final seal…

“When He opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven for about half an hour. And I saw the seven angels who stand before God, and to them were given seven trumpets. Then another angel, having a golden censer, came and stood at the altar. He was given much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all the saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne.

And the smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints, ascended before God from the angel’s hand. Then the angel took the censer, filled it with fire from the altar, and threw it to the earth. And there were noises, thunderings, lightnings, and an earthquake” (Revelation 8:1-5).

Revelation chapter eight opens with a reference to “…silence in heaven for about half an hour” (NIV). So what is the meaning behind this period of silence? Well, this brief period of tranquility may foreshadow the turbulent events to follow, much like a lull that often proceeds a powerful and devastating storm. Once opened, this seal will unleash a horrifying chain of events. The scale of devastation and overwhelming nature of those events will seemingly render these heavenly observers speechless.

This passage continues by saying, “Then I saw the seven angels who stand in the presence of God; seven trumpets were given to them” (CSB). While trumpets are widely recognized for their use as musical instruments, they serve a different function in the context of Revelation chapter eight. In the Biblical era, trumpets were often used as a call to assembly, to signal an announcement, to summon military personnel, or to warn of an emergency condition.

In fact, modern-day societies still use various types of horns to direct our attention to a period of remembrance, an emergency situation, an alert condition, or a call to action. The trumpets we will encounter over the course of Revelation chapters eight, nine, and eleven will function in a similar manner, for they will serve as a summons and a warning.

Image Attribution : Speaker Simple Slash Speaker by Phosphor Icons

“Then one of the elders answered, saying to me, ‘Who are these arrayed in white robes, and where did they come from?’ And I said to him, ‘Sir, you know.’

So he said to me, ‘These are the ones who come out of the great tribulation, and washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb. Therefore they are before the throne of God, and serve Him day and night in His temple. And He who sits on the throne will dwell among them.

They shall neither hunger anymore nor thirst anymore; the sun shall not strike them, nor any heat; for the Lamb who is in the midst of the throne will shepherd them and lead them to living fountains of waters. And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes'” (Revelation 7:13-17).

To this point, our author’s perspective on the Book of Revelation has been that of an observer. However, a question posed by one of these elders drew him into these events as they were taking place: “’Who are these people wearing white robes, and where did they come from?'” (CEB). While this elder could have simply relayed this information to John, our author, it seems that he preferred to engage him as a participant in this question-and-answer exchange. That brief discussion went far beyond a simple exchange of information, for it offers a surprising degree of insight for those who are willing to examine it closely.

Although the book of Revelation is widely known for its apocalyptic imagery, our text from Revelation 7:16-17 offers a comforting message of assurance. For example, God may often feel distant as we navigate the challenges and obstacles of everyday life. But this passage tells us that God will dwell among His people in eternity, thus encouraging us to look forward in the face of our daily hardships.

As we’re reminded in the New Testament book of 1 Corinthians, “Now we see things imperfectly, like puzzling reflections in a mirror, but then we will see everything with perfect clarity. All that I know now is partial and incomplete, but then I will know everything completely, just as God now knows me completely” (1 Corinthians 13:12 NLT).

We also have the following promise: “They will never hunger or thirst again, and they won’t be troubled by the sun or any scorching heat” (CEV). Hunger and thirst are sensations that virtually everyone can relate to. Many can empathize with the discomfort of a sunburn or can identify with the experience of being outdoors in the scorching daytime heat. But what if we never had to experience such things again? Those experiences will be a thing of the past once we enter the realm of eternity.

Image Attribution : “Through a glass darkly” by fotologic is licensed under CC BY 2.0.

“After these things I looked, and behold, a great multitude which no one could number, of all nations, tribes, peoples, and tongues, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, with palm branches in their hands, and crying out with a loud voice, saying, ‘Salvation belongs to our God who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb!’

All the angels stood around the throne and the elders and the four living creatures, and fell on their faces before the throne and worshiped God, saying: ‘Amen! Blessing and glory and wisdom, Thanksgiving and honor and power and might, Be to our God forever and ever. Amen'” (Revelation 7:9-12).

The book of Revelation presents us with a fast-paced narrative, full of constantly shifting events. For instance, compare the following excerpt from Revelation chapter seven with a passage from earlier in Revelation chapter six…

“I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the testimony which they held…. Then a white robe was given to each of them; and it was said to them that they should rest a little while longer, until both the number of their fellow servants and their brethren, who would be killed as they were, was completed” (Revelation 6:9,11).

“After this I looked, and there was a vast multitude from every nation, tribe, people, and language, which no one could number, standing before the throne and before the Lamb. They were clothed in white robes with palm branches in their hands” (Revelation 7:9 CSB).

The white robes worn by the groups mentioned in Revelation chapters six and seven suggest that a relationship exists between them. However, the interval between these chapters has also brought significant changes. For instance, these individuals were under God’s altar in Revelation chapter six. But now, they stood before His throne. This group raised a poignant question in the previous chapter: “How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?” (Revelation 6:10). But now, they held palm branches, a symbol of victory and triumph.

Furthermore, we should note that these individuals hailed from every nation, tribe, and people. The members of this culturally diverse group also represented native speakers of every human language. This is deeply significant, for it tells us that salvation in Christ is not limited to a specific ethno-cultural group. Instead, He invites disciples from every nation, tribe, people and language.

Finally, John, our author, has served as an observer to the events that have taken place up to this point. But as we’ll see, he is about to transition from an observer to an active participant in these events.

Image Attribution : borges, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Revelation 7:1 begins by saying, “After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth…” This reference to the “four corners of the earth” represents each of the four compass points of the globe. Those angels were responsible for “…holding back the four winds of the earth so no wind could blow on the earth, on the sea, or on any tree” (NET). The “winds” referenced in this passage convey the idea of a violent agitation, a stream of air, or a strong tempestuous wind. ₍₁₎

“Then I saw another angel ascending from the east, having the seal of the living God. And he cried with a loud voice to the four angels to whom it was granted to harm the earth and the sea, saying, “Do not harm the earth, the sea, or the trees till we have sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads” (Revelation 7:2-3).

Revelation chapter six earlier closed with the following question: “That terrible day has come! God and the Lamb will show their anger, and who can face it” (Revelation 6: 17 CEV). That answer comes here in Revelation 7:3: “… those who serve our God” (CEB). In addition, we’re also told that each of these servants of God received an identifying seal.

In this context, a “seal” refers to a stamp bearing a private mark that was used for security purposes or document preservation. ₍₂₎ This seal functioned as a form of identification that marked each bearer as “God’s property” and kept them safe from harm. Verses four to eight then go on to provide us with some additional information regarding these individuals…

“Then I heard the number of those who were sealed: one hundred forty-four thousand, sealed from every tribe of the Israelites: From the tribe of Judah, twelve thousand were sealed” (Revelation 7:4-5, and following).

The Old Testament patriarch Jacob fathered twelve sons whose families went on to form the twelve tribes of Israel. Jacob’s son, Joseph, also had two sons named Ephraim and Manasseh. These sons were later “adopted” by Jacob and added to this tribal list. Of these fourteen tribes, twelve are always selected in varying combinations.

Revelation 7:4-8 represents one such example. That list of twelve tribes includes Joseph’s son Manasseh, while Jacob’s son Dan is omitted, perhaps due to that tribe’s prophetic reputation for treachery (Genesis 49:17). Taken together, these individuals represent 144,000 Messianic Christians who will receive supernatural protection from God when He unleashes His wrath upon a world that has rejected Him.

Image Attribution : ElfQrin, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) G417 – anemos – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g417/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) G4972 – sphragizo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4972/kjv/tr/0-1/

In Revelation chapter six, we saw how Jesus (identified as a lamb who was slain) took possession of a scroll with seven seals. Six of those seals were opened in chapter six, each with a corresponding action on earth. The first four seals produced horsemen who brought conquest, war, economic hardship, and widespread death. The fifth seal brought forth the souls of those who had given their lives for Christ.

The sixth seal brought environmental destruction, a tremendous earthquake, and a description of a potential nuclear engagement or some type of meteoric impact. Many scholars associate the opening of these seals with the beginning of what has come to be known as “The Great Tribulation.” This corresponds to the timeframe Jesus spoke of in Matthew chapter twenty-four: “For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be. And unless those days were shortened, no flesh would be saved…” (Matthew 24:21-22).

Revelation chapter six then continued with a description of the human response to those events: “They called to the mountains and the rocks, ‘Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one seated on the throne and from the Lamb’s wrath!’” (Revelation 6:16 CEB). So those who experienced these catastrophic incidents recognized God’s intervention. However, that recognition prompted them to hide rather than repent. Instead of seeking God’s forgiveness in Christ, these individuals attempted to flee and go into hiding. But these was no escape for them, as is true of everyone.

That chapter subsequently closed by saying, “For the great day of their wrath has come, and who can withstand it?” (Revelation 6:17 NIV). That’s a good question and the answer comes in chapter seven…

“After these things I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth, that the wind should not blow on the earth, on the sea, or on any tree.

Then I saw another angel ascending from the east, having the seal of the living God. And he cried with a loud voice to the four angels to whom it was granted to harm the earth and the sea, saying, ‘Do not harm the earth, the sea, or the trees till we have sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads'” (Revelation 7:1-3).

Revelation chapter seven represents something of a break in the action before the seventh and final seal is opened in the following chapter. But first, we will receive some insight regarding other events that are taking place during this time.

“and the stars of the sky fell to the earth as the fig tree sheds its winter fruit when shaken by a gale. The sky vanished like a scroll that is being rolled up, and every mountain and island was removed from its place” (Revelation 6:13-14 ESV).

The meaning of the phrase “stars falling to earth” is widely debated. Theories range from stellar objects, to ballistic missiles, to the atmospheric descent of molten rock that had been propelled into the sky by volcanic activity. Then there is this reference to the sky “rolling up” and “receding like a scroll.” Many associate this idea with the image of a mushroom cloud that accompanies the use of nuclear weaponry, or the devastating impact of a cosmic object.

Regardless of the source, these horrific events led to a universal response…

“Then everyone–the kings of the earth, the rulers, the generals, the wealthy, the powerful, and every slave and free person–all hid themselves in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains. And they cried to the mountains and the rocks, ‘Fall on us and hide us from the face of the One who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb. For the great day of their wrath has come, and who is able to survive?'” (Revelation 6:15-17 NLT).

Even if we view this passage with a sense of emotional detachment, we should not overlook the dread and terror these events generated. We should also note the wide variety of individuals who shared that emotional response:

• The kings of the earth, the rulers (or government representatives).
• The generals (military personnel).
• The wealthy (those who possessed great financial resources).
• The powerful (the upper classes).
• Every slave (the lower classes).
• Every free man (a term that effectively encompasses everyone else).

So everyone, no matter what their station in life, will be affected by these events. Finally, this portion of Scripture tells us that those who were impacted by the opening of the sixth seal knew exactly who was responsible for these events as they unfolded: “…’Hide us from the one who sits on the throne and from the anger of the Lamb. That terrible day has come! God and the Lamb will show their anger, and who can face it?'” (CEV).

Instead of acknowledging their sinful behavior with an attitude of repentance, these individuals attempted to run and hide. But there was nowhere to run or hide. Thus, we should learn from their example and avoid repeating these mistakes.

“I looked when He opened the sixth seal, and behold, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became like blood. And the stars of heaven fell to the earth, as a fig tree drops its late figs when it is shaken by a mighty wind. Then the sky receded as a scroll when it is rolled up, and every mountain and island was moved out of its place.

And the kings of the earth, the great men, the rich men, the commanders, the mighty men, every slave and every free man, hid themselves in the caves and in the rocks of the mountains, and said to the mountains and rocks, ‘Fall on us and hide us from the face of Him who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb! For the great day of His wrath has come, and who is able to stand?'” (Revelation 6:12-17).

18 May, 1980, witnessed the cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens, a volcanic mountain in the western United States. Triggered by an earthquake that registered at 5.1 on the Richter scale, the lateral blast emanating from the mountain’s northern flank ripped through the surrounding landscape at an astonishing speed of 300 miles per hour (483 kph). That eruption produced a 230 square mile (370 square km) periphery of devastation that extended 17 miles (27 km) from the crater. It also produced a vertical eruption of gas and ash that reached 16 miles (26 km) into the atmosphere. 57 people lost their lives in the devastation that followed. ₍₁₎

In the late 1800s, the Indonesian island of Krakatoa experienced a volcanic eruption that ranks among history’s most catastrophic natural disasters. Krakatoa’s eruption in August, 1883, generated devastating tsunamis up to 130 feet (40m) high. In its final stages, the noise produced by the exploding volcano was heard thousands of miles away in Australia. The immense power of the volcano’s eruption resulted in the near-total destruction of Krakatoa, along with several nearby islands. It also led to an estimated death toll of more than 36,000 people. ₍₂₎

Many centuries earlier, in 79 A.D., the eruption of Mount Vesuvius devastated the ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in southern Italy. A deluge of volcanic ash and pumice stones engulfed those urban areas, prompting many residents to flee and others to seek shelter. Those who remained in Pompeii were subsequently killed when a cloud of toxic gas engulfed the city. Today, one can tour the architectural ruins of Pompeii and view casts taken of some of those individuals as they faced their final moments of life. ₍₃₎

These historical accounts should thus encourage us to approach our text from Revelation 6:12-17 with reverence and seriousness as we seek to honor God with our lives today.

(1) The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2024, November 17). Mount Saint Helens | Location, eruption, Map, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Saint-Helens  Image Attribution: U.S. government, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(2) Roller, S. (n.d.). 10 Facts About the Eruption of Krakatoa. History Hit. https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-eruption-of-krakatoa/  Image Attribution: Lithograph: Parker & Coward, Britain;, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(3) Sullivan, M. (2024, August 23). Mount Vesuvius erupts. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/vesuvius-erupts  Image Attribution: See page for author, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

“When he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the witness they had borne. They cried out with a loud voice, ‘O Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long before you will judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?'” (Revelation 6:9-10 ESV).

There are those who subscribe to the belief that human beings transition to a formless oblivion when they depart from this earthly life. That realm is said to encompass a state where consciousness ends and individual identities disappear. But let’s consider that view in relation to our text from Revelation 6:9-10.

We should first note that the people described in this passage did not cease to exist at the end of their mortal lives. Equally significant is the fact that they were not absorbed into a “universal consciousness” when they passed from this life. Instead, their individual identities clearly remained. Finally, they also retained the ability to think, speak, feel, and remember. This passage thus reveals an important truth concerning the afterlife: while death may represent the end of our physical lives, it does not represent the end of us.

The presence of these souls beneath the altar suggests a link to those sacrificial offerings that were poured out at the base of the altar in the Old Testament era. In a similar manner, these individuals sacrificed their lives “…for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held” (KJV). Nevertheless, they also presented the almighty God with a forthright question: “…’Master, you are holy and faithful! How long will it be before you judge and punish the people of this earth who killed us?'” (CEV). That question led to the following response…

“Then they were each given a white robe and told to rest a little longer, until the number of their fellow servants and their brothers should be complete, who were to be killed as they themselves had been” (Revelation 6:11).

Revelation 6:11 reminds us that we may also be called upon to exercise patience when others commit injustices against us. Although patience often represents a challenging virtue, its important to recognize that God’s justice may unfold on a timetable that is influenced by factors that are beyond our immediate comprehension. Nevertheless, we can be certain that God will vindicate us if we allow Him to do so according to His divine schedule.

Therefore, we would do well to remember the truth that underlies an ancient adage: “The wheels of God’s justice grind slowly, but they grind exceedingly fine.”

“When he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature say, ‘Come!’ And I looked, and behold, a pale horse! And its rider’s name was Death, and Hades followed him. And they were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts of the earth” (Revelation 6:7-8).

The fourth and final Horseman Of The Apocalypse is the only one to be named: Death. Thus, we can view this horseman as death personified. And much like a harvester that follows a reaper in a grain field, the abode of the dead (or Hades), followed behind.

Revelation 6:8 details the instruments of death employed by this horseman: the sword (or death through war and human violence), famine (or death through starvation), pestilence (or death through disease), and wild beasts of the earth (or death through an attacking animal). We’re also told “They were given authority over a fourth of the earth…” (CEB). This brief piece of information deserves more than just a cursory glance.

You see, it’s difficult to grasp the magnitude of humanity represented by twenty-five percent of the world’s population. For instance, the loss of a quarter of the global population would translate to approximately 1.5 billion people. If we were to count to that total at a rate of one number per second, it would take us over three decades to complete the task.

To put it another way, 1.5 billion people exceeds the current human population of North America, Central America, and South America combined. ₍₁₎ That number is terrifying to contemplate, and puts Jesus’ message from Matthew 24:21-22 into perspective: “For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be. And unless those days were shortened, no flesh would be saved…”

So the Four Horsemen Of The Apocalypse depart, and the focus of our text will now shift dramatically to the souls of those who perished for their commitment to God’s Word…

“When He opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the testimony which they held. And they cried with a loud voice, saying, ‘How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?’

Then a white robe was given to each of them; and it was said to them that they should rest a little while longer, until both the number of their fellow servants and their brethren, who would be killed as they were, was completed” (Revelation 6:9-11)

This passage has important implications for our beliefs concerning the afterlife. We’ll consider some of those implications next.

(1) As of 31 December, 2024. See What Is The Combined Population Of North America, Central America, And South America?

“When the Lamb opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature say, ‘Come!’ Then another horse came out, a fiery red one. Its rider was given power to take peace from the earth and to make men slay each other. To him was given a large sword” (Revelation 6:3-4 NIV).

Red is a color that is frequently used to represent conflict or war. This is the color that served to distinguish the horse ridden by the Second Horseman Of The Apocalypse here in Revelation chapter six. We should also note that this rider’s horse wasn’t simply red; it was fiery red. Furthermore, this horseman didn’t simply carry a sword; he wielded a large one, presumably with the capacity to destroy large numbers of people quickly and efficiently.

“When the Lamb opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, ‘Come!’ I looked, and there before me was a black horse! Its rider was holding a pair of scales in his hand” (Revelation 6:5 NIV).

The color black offers a clear association with the characteristic qualities of sadness, death, or mourning. But what do the scales held by this horseman signify? The following verse offers a potential answer…

“Then I heard what sounded like a voice among the four living creatures, saying, ‘A quart of wheat for a day’s wages, and three quarts of barley for a day’s wages, and do not damage the oil and the wine!'” (Revelation 6:6 NIV).

A quart of wheat might feed a single person for a day. Given that people commonly use scales to determine the weight of various objects, this seems to indicate that essential provisions (like bread) may be subject to rationing. So if we were to rephrase this passage in contemporary terms, we might say that these economic conditions will deteriorate to the point where people will have to labor for an entire day in order to feed themselves.

However, it also seems that such limitations will not apply to everyone during this period, for this passage also includes the following aside: “…do not damage the oil and the wine!” While oil and wine were staples of ancient life, one could get along without them if necessary. From that perspective, these items were viewed as luxuries, not necessities.

This suggests that a sizable economic divide will exist between those who can afford such things and those who cannot. Some will be subject to economic devastation during that time while others will retain the ability to maintain their self-indulgent standards of living.

“And I looked, and behold, a white horse! And its rider had a bow, and a crown was given to him, and he came out conquering, and to conquer” (Revelation 6:2 ESV).

Let’s consider the first horseman described for us here in Revelation 6:2. This rider is mounted on a white horse, a traditional symbol of purity, honor, and virtue. He also carries a bow, a weapon that speaks of hunting or warfare. Our text then mentions a crown that features two items of note…

1. The first horseman did not initially possess this crown; it was given to him.

2. This crown was not a royal crown, but a wreath or garland that was typically awarded to the winner of an athletic event.

Finally, we’re told that our first horseman “…rode out as a conqueror bent on conquest” (NIV). This alludes to someone who defeats and subjugates others.

With these things in mind, let’s consider the potential identity of this horseman. For instance, some associate this rider with Jesus, based on the following passage from Revelation chapter nineteen…

“Now I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse. And He who sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and makes war. His eyes were like a flame of fire, and on His head were many crowns. He had a name written that no one knew except Himself. He was clothed with a robe dipped in blood, and His name is called The Word of God” (Revelation 19:11-14).

We know with certainty that Jesus is the subject of this passage from Revelation chapter nineteen, for His name is “the Word of God.” That correlates with a well-known portion of Scripture from John 1:1: “In the beginning was the Word and the Word was with God and the Word was God.” These details enable us to compare the figures mentioned in these texts…

Although similarities seem to exist between these figures, they are not the same. Thus, we should consider the possibility that the horseman who emerges from the first seal of Revelation chapter six is someone who resembles Jesus, but isn’t. This should also prompt us to recall Jesus’ warning from Matthew 24:23-25…

“At that time if anyone says to you, ‘Look, here is the Christ!’ or, ‘There he is!’ do not believe it. For false Christs and false prophets will appear and perform great signs and miracles to deceive even the elect– if that were possible. See, I have told you ahead of time” (NIV).

The first eight verses of Revelation chapter six introduce four figures who have come to be known as The Four Horsemen Of The Apocalypse…

“Now I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals; and I heard one of the four living creatures saying with a voice like thunder, ‘Come and see.’ And I looked, and behold, a white horse. He who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer.

When He opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying, ‘Come and see.’ Another horse, fiery red, went out. And it was granted to the one who sat on it to take peace from the earth, and that people should kill one another; and there was given to him a great sword.

When He opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, ‘Come and see.’ So I looked, and behold, a black horse, and he who sat on it had a pair of scales in his hand. And I heard a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, ‘A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius; and do not harm the oil and the wine.’

When He opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature saying, ‘Come and see.’ So I looked, and behold, a pale horse. And the name of him who sat on it was Death, and Hades followed with him. And power was given to them over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword, with hunger, with death, and by the beasts of the earth” (Revelation 6:1-8).

Earlier in Revelation chapter five, we read how Christ, the Lamb of God, “…came and took the scroll from the right hand of him who sat on the throne” (Revelation 5:7 NIV). Seven seals secured that scroll, and the Lamb was the only one who could open them. He will release six of those seven seals here in Revelation chapter six. The seventh and final seal will be opened later in chapter eight.

An identical command accompanied the opening of each of the first four seals: “Come and see.” And much like the Apostle John in the book of Revelation, we are also invited to see these emerging horsemen for ourselves. But despite the vivid descriptions of these riders, their identities have been the subject of great debate down through the centuries. We’ll take a closer look at the first horseman of the apocalypse beginning next.

Image Attribution : Viktor Vasnetsov, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

“Then I heard every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all that is in them, singing: ‘To him who sits on the throne and to the Lamb be praise and honor and glory and power, for ever and ever!’ The four living creatures said, ‘Amen,’ and the elders fell down and worshiped” (Revelation 5:13-14 NIV).

The final verses of Revelation chapter five conclude with the powerful image of these twenty-four elders falling in worship before the Lamb and the One seated upon the throne. Their act of reverence offers an opportunity to reflect upon the idea and meaning of “worship.”

“Therefore let us be grateful for receiving a kingdom that cannot be shaken, and thus let us offer to God acceptable worship, with reverence and awe” (Hebrews 12:28 ESV).

Our contemporary word “worship” is said to derive from the archaic phrase “worth-ship.” With this in mind, we can say that one fundamental aspect of worship involves the attribution of worth to someone or something. Thus, this word signifies a “condition of being worthy,” making it perfectly suited for use in relation to God. ₍₁₎

“Give unto the LORD the glory due to His name; worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness” (Psalm 29:2).

In a Biblical context, the word “worship” denotes an act of profound reverence and honor. It expresses an attitude that is characterized by an exceeding sense of respect and esteem, especially when used in reference to God. In Biblical usage, this word means, “to kiss the hand,” such as one might do for a person of royal birth today. ₍₂₎ Therefore, a similar attitude of reverence and honor should identify those who claim to worship God.

“God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth” (John 4:24 NIV).

God is worthy of our worship because He is our Creator (see Genesis 1:27). We should worship God with honor, respect, and admiration because He is good, loving, and perfect (Jeremiah 29:11, 1 John 4:8, and Psalm 18:30). God is also deserving of our worship in light of the future He has prepared for those who love Him (see 1 Corinthians 2:9-10).

“…The Scriptures say, ‘Worship only the Lord God. Obey only him'” (Matthew 4:10).

A life that worships God is one that demonstrates respect for Him internally and externally. Thus, as we’re told in the Old Testament book of Psalms…

“Worship the Lord with the beauty of holy lives. Let the earth tremble before him” (Psalm 96:9).

(1) worthship – Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=worthship

(2) G4352 – proskyneo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4352/kjv/tr/0-1/

“You have made them to be a kingdom and priests to serve our God, and they will reign on the earth” (Revelation 5:10 NIV).

While the Biblical book of Revelation is widely recognized for its apocalyptic images of the future, there are certain portions of this book that are surprisingly practical. Jesus’ letters to the seven churches of Revelation chapters two and three represent one such portion. Our text from Revelation 5:10 represents another.

For instance, consider the passage quoted above: “You have appointed them as a kingdom and priests to serve our God, and they will reign on the earth” (NET). In contemporary terms, this passage tells us that God has appointed His people to intercessory responsibilities now and oversight responsibilities in the future.

In light of those responsibilities, we would do well to consider the way we currently manage the blessings and opportunities God has given us today. For instance, a Christ-oriented life factors the following questions into the decision-making processes of daily living…

• Is this right in God’s view?
• Am I making good use of the talents, skills, and abilities God has given me?
• Am I acting as a good representative of Jesus Christ in the circumstances and situations I encounter?

This recalls the valuable counsel given to us in the New Testament book of Colossians: “Since, then, you have been raised with Christ, set your hearts on things above, where Christ is, seated at the right hand of God. Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things” (Colossians 3:1-2).

“Then I looked and heard the voice of many angels, numbering thousands upon thousands, and ten thousand times ten thousand. They encircled the throne and the living creatures and the elders. In a loud voice they sang: ‘Worthy is the Lamb, who was slain, to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and praise!’” (Revelation 5:11-12 NIV).

The number of angelic beings given to us here in Revelation 5:11 calculates to an incalculable number. But a reasonable estimate based on this passage may total well into the hundreds of millions. Yet even more significant than this sheer number of angelic beings is the song they sang in these verses: “…’The lamb who was slain deserves to receive power, wealth, wisdom, strength, honor, glory, and praise'” (GW).

Therefore, these angelic beings offer Jesus all the praise, honor, glory, and recognition He should have received during the period of His earthly ministry, but was denied.

Image Attribution : Manager by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0 Pix4free

“And when he had taken it, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb. Each one had a harp and they were holding golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints.

And they sang a new song: ‘You are worthy to take the scroll and to open its seals, because you were slain, and with your blood you purchased men for God from every tribe and language and people and nation. You have made them to be a kingdom and priests to serve our God, and they will reign on the earth” (Revelation 5:8-10 NIV).

One of the more common illustrations of the heavenly realm features angelic beings who float among the clouds while gently strumming harps. That imagery is likely derived (at least in part) from our text here in Revelation 5:8. Nevertheless, this verse highlights an important element that we might easily overlook: the depiction of the prayers offered by God’s people as golden bowls filled with fragrant incense.

In an age where leftover meals are commonly stored in cheap plastic containers, this portrait of a golden bowl illustrates the tremendous value God places upon our prayers. In addition, the fact that God associates our petitions and intercessions with the pleasing aroma of sweet-smelling incense should encourage us to seek Him in prayer each day. As we do so, we have a fresh opportunity to contribute to the “prayerful incense” alluded to in this passage.

These verses also present us with another insight that holds significant implications: “…by your blood you ransomed people for God from every tribe and language and people and nation and you have made them a kingdom and priests to our God” (ESV). This portion of Scripture tells us that people from every societal demographic throughout human history will join their Creator in eternity.

Since no one can come to God the Father except through Christ (John 14:6), this can be challenging to reconcile with those people groups throughout history who have never heard of Jesus. The late Biblical scholar Dr. Norman Geisler helps brings clarity to that question…

“God has many ways to get the truth about salvation through Christ to those who seek Him. He can send a missionary (Acts 10), or a Bible (Ps. 119:130), give them a vision (Dan. 2:7), or send an angel (Rev. 14). But those who turn their back on the light they have (through nature) and find themselves lost in darkness, have no one to blame but themselves.” ₍₁₎

Image Attribution : Mattana, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Geisler, Dr. Norman. When Critics Ask : A Popular Handbook On Bible Difficulties [pg.29]

“But one of the elders said to me, ‘Do not weep. Behold, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has prevailed to open the scroll and to loose its seven seals'”

And I looked, and behold, in the midst of the throne and of the four living creatures, and in the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb as though it had been slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent out into all the earth. Then He came and took the scroll out of the right hand of Him who sat on the throne” (Revelation 5:5-7).

As we move through our narrative in Revelation chapter five, it may be helpful to view this scene from the perspective of John, our author. For instance, John learned that the Lion of the tribe of Judah had prevailed to open the scroll possessed by the One who was seated on the throne. Given that description, John likely expected to encounter a being of immense power and strength. That assessment would prove accurate, but not in the way he may have expected.

For example, we’re told, “Then I saw a Lamb, looking as if it had been slain, standing at the center of the throne…” (NIV). This was far from the image of a powerful lion. Nevertheless, this reference is more readily understood when we remember that the New Testament often portrays Jesus as a lamb. More than two dozen of those references appear in the book of Revelation alone. He also functions as the Kinsman Redeemer for humanity referenced earlier.

While we may ordinarily sympathize with a lamb that appeared as if it had been slain, this Lamb was different: “He had seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God sent into all the earth” (CSB). This brings us to another interpretive crossroad within the book of Revelation, for each reader must prayerfully determine how to understand and apply this passage.

Many artistic renderings of these verses depict the lifelike image of a seven-eyed, seven-horned sacrificial lamb. But as we choose our interpretive path through the Book of Revelation, we should pause to remember that the number seven is often used to represent the idea of perfection or completion. This seems to present a better interpretive option as we consider this passage from Revelation 5:6.

We should also avoid isolating this passage from its first-century historical context. From a first century perspective, the sight of an ox or bull with lethal horns presented a formidable image of power and strength. Thus, the word “horn” came to represent those qualities. The imagery of seven horns can thus be used to symbolize the idea of immeasurable power. In a similar manner, we can understand these references to “eyes” and the “seven Spirits of God” as symbolic references to the Lamb’s omniscience.

Image Attribution : Pratyya Ghosh, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

“Then I saw in the right hand of him who was seated on the throne a scroll written within and on the back, sealed with seven seals. And I saw a mighty angel proclaiming with a loud voice, ‘Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?’

And no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth was able to open the scroll or to look into it, and I began to weep loudly because no one was found worthy to open the scroll or to look into it” (Revelation 5:1-4 ESV).

An ancient debtor who lacked the financial resources needed to redeem a piece of property could turn to a relative to do so on his or her behalf. That relative was known as a Kinsman Redeemer. Anyone who aspired to fulfill that role had to meet three qualifications:

1. He had to maintain a family relationship to the debtor.
2. He had to possess the resources necessary to settle the debtor’s financial obligation.
3. He had to express a willingness to act in that capacity.₍₁₎

So what does this have to do with the scroll in the right hand of the One who sat upon this throne? Well, the double-sided inscription on this scroll suggests that it functioned as a legal document pertaining to property rights. If so, then we should consider the possibility that it served as a title deed to this world. Consider the following sequence of events in support of this idea:

• This world was “deeded” to Adam in the Garden of Eden when God directed him to subdue the Earth (Genesis 2:15-17).
• Adam forfeited that obligation (and those of his descendants) when he disobeyed God’s directive at His enemy’s behest (Genesis chapter three).
• Adam’s forfeiture enabled that enemy to assume property management responsibilities, so to speak. This explains why Satan is called “the god of this world” (2 Corinthians 4:3-4) and “the ruler of this world” (by Jesus) in John 12:31.

However, Revelation 5:2-4 alerts us to a seemingly insurmountable problem: “And I saw a strong angel, who shouted with a loud voice: ‘Who is worthy to break the seals on this scroll and open it?’ But no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth was able to open the scroll and read it. Then I began to weep bitterly because no one was found worthy to open the scroll and read it” (NLT).

So John, our author, wept with disappointment at the fact that no one seemed to possess the authority to break these seals. However, a Kinsman Redeemer was about to make His presence known.

(1) The most prominent Biblical illustration of the function of a Kinsman Redeemer appears in the Book of Ruth

Our previous study in Revelation chapter four directed our attention to the throne of God. Here now, in Revelation chapter five, we will be introduced to a mysterious scroll held by the One who sat upon that throne…

“Then I saw in the right hand of him who sat on the throne a scroll with writing on both sides and sealed with seven seals.

And I saw a mighty angel proclaiming in a loud voice, ‘Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?’ But no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth could open the scroll or even look inside it. I wept and wept because no one was found who was worthy to open the scroll or look inside” (Revelation 5:1-4 NIV).

Much like a camera that zooms in on one aspect of an image, the beginning of our text from Revelation 5:1 shifts our attention to the right hand of God. This detail is rooted in an ancient symbol of power and dominion. Since the right hand serves as the dominant hand for most of the world’s population, this imagery grew to exemplify the idea of skill and/or strength.

This eventually led to a further association with the related concepts of sovereignty and dominion. The enduring legacy of this ancient metaphor survives today in the idea of a trusted assistant who serves as the “right hand” of an authority figure. An individual who fits that description is someone who is as indispensable as that person’s own right hand.

This passage then continues with an important detail regarding this scroll, for we are told that it was inscribed on both sides. Although ancient scrolls were typically single-sided, many commentators note that title deeds formed an exception. For instance, the inner portion of a title deed offered a description of the property in question. If a financial hardship led to the sale of that property, the amount owed and repayment terms were written on the outside. Once that information was transcribed, the scroll was refastened with strings and sealed with wax over the knots for security purposes.

When the debtor’s financial situation improved, he or she could approach the elders of the city with a petition to repurchase the property. The elders would examine the document and approve the purchase if the debtor met the required obligation. But even if someone couldn’t afford to redeem his or her property, a family relative could step in and do it for them. We’ll consider the role of that relative and how it relates to our text from Revelation chapter five next.

Image Attribution: unbekannt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

“And from the throne proceeded lightnings, thunderings, and voices. Seven lamps of fire were burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God” (Revelation 4:5).

Lightning is among the many wonders of our natural world. A lightning strike with an accompanying peal of thunder may be breathtaking or terrifying, depending on your proximity. Thus, it serves as an excellent representation of God’s immense power. That reference here in Revelation 4:5 is followed by a second appearance of “the seven Spirits” mentioned earlier in Revelation chapter one. Both examples likely allude to the Holy Spirit in all His fullness.

“Before the throne there was a sea of glass, like crystal…” (Revelation 4:6).

These displays of thunder and lightning were accompanied by something like a crystal sea of glass. So this brief description of God’s throne features elements that reflect His power, as well as His characteristic qualities of peace, tranquility, and purity.

The latter portion of verse six then introduces us to four living beings…

“…And in the midst of the throne, and around the throne, were four living creatures full of eyes in front and in back. The first living creature was like a lion, the second living creature like a calf, the third living creature had a face like a man, and the fourth living creature was like a flying eagle.

The four living creatures, each having six wings, were full of eyes around and within. And they do not rest day or night, saying: ‘Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, Who was and is and is to come!’” (Revelation 4:6-8).

One commentator addresses the significance of these living creatures…

“Perhaps it is safest to say that the four faces are important because they present all of animate creation, in its utmost excellence – the lion is the mightiest of wild animals, the ox strongest of domesticated animals, the eagle king of all birds, and man is highest of all creation.” ₍₁₎

This passage tells us that these beings were characterized by lives of continual worship. In fact, their worship of God prompted these twenty-four elders to worship Him as well…

“Whenever the living creatures give glory, honor and thanks to him who sits on the throne and who lives for ever and ever, the twenty-four elders fall down before him who sits on the throne and worship him who lives for ever and ever. They lay their crowns before the throne and say:

‘You are worthy, our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor and power, for you created all things, and by your will they were created
and have their being'” (Revelation 4:9-11).

Since a crown symbolizes victory or authority, these elders honored God by giving Him what He had already given them. In a similar manner, we honor God when we give Him the lives He has given us.

Image Attribution: Felix Mittermeier, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Guzik, David. Enduring Word. (2023, April 27). Enduring Word Bible Commentary Revelation Chapter 4. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/revelation-4/