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Romans – Chapter One XXVII

by Ed Urzi January 27, 2026

“Now I do not want you to be unaware, brethren, that I often planned to come to you (but was hindered until now), that I might have some fruit among you also, just as among the other Gentiles. I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to wise and to unwise” (Romans 1:13-14).

Much like Paul the Apostle’s standard introductory greeting of “grace and peace,” the phrase “I do not want you to be unaware” is one that occasionally reappears in Paul’s Biblical letters. In addition to what we read here in Romans 1:13, we can find similar references in Paul’s letters to the churches at Corinth and Thessalonica as a method of introducing a new and important subject.

The fact that Paul had often planned to visit Rome without success is one that should bring comfort when our own plans fail to come to fruition. For example, Paul’s experience tells us that it is not wrong to plan for the future. As we’re reminded in the Old Testament book of Proverbs, “Wise people think before they act; fools don’t–and even brag about their foolishness” (Proverbs 13:16 NLT).

Nevertheless, it’s possible to prayerfully establish a desired goal without success. In such instances, it requires faith to continue to trust in God when our plans result in less than we desire. While there may be some comfort in knowing that we share something in common with the great Apostle Paul when our plans fail to materialize, Paul also shows us the way to a proper response when our circumstances do not align with our desires.

The following commentary summarizes a key takeaway from this portion of Scripture…

“Paul does not demand that the Lord open up a way to come to Rome, and he even acknowledges in Romans 1:13 that providence has thus far hindered his journey. This is an excellent example of God-honoring prayer that is content with the will of our Creator but nevertheless keeps on asking, seeking, and knocking when one does not know what God’s will is. Paul wants to see the Romans, and he keeps praying to that end, all the while knowing that the Father may not grant that request.” (1)

Finally, this passage speaks of Paul’s sense of debt to those he encountered. We’ll examine these references to Greeks and barbarians in our next study, but for now, we can say that Paul felt an obligation to invest his God-given gifts in the lives of others. We can say the same regarding the talents, skills, blessings, and opportunities God has entrusted to us as well (see Matthew 25:14-30).

Image Attribution: Planning by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0 Alpha Stock Images

(1) Paul’s intent to visit Rome Ligonier Ministries. Published January 6, 2014. https://learn.ligonier.org/devotionals/pauls-intent-visit-rome

Romans – Chapter One XXVI

by Ed Urzi January 26, 2026

“For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, so that you may be established–that is, that I may be encouraged together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me” (Romans 1:11-12).

This brief portion of Scripture offers some insight into the heart of Paul the Apostle and his relationship with the church at Rome. The word impart means “to give over” or “share.” Thus, it refers to the act of conveying or granting something. (1) This tells us that Paul focused his attention on what he could do for the church at Rome, and not solely on what they could do for him. The following source draws our attention to this aspect of Paul’s ministry with an astute observation…

“Paul was the greatest thinker the Early Church ever produced, and yet, when he thought of the people to whom he longed to preach, he thought of himself not only as giving to them but also as receiving from them. It takes humility to teach as it takes humility to learn.” (2)

This reference to a spiritual gift likely refers to an insight or blessing that Paul sought to share with the Roman fellowship. While “some” spiritual gift suggests that Paul may have been unaware of the gift he sought to impart, his desire to share it for the benefit of the church at Rome was certainly there. Since Paul understood the spiritual investment God makes in His people, he saw an obligation to share God’s investment in him with others.

Paul also saw a reciprocal benefit in that exchange: “…that we may be mutually strengthened and encouraged and comforted by each other’s faith, both yours and mine” (AMPC). That benefit underscores the importance of regular attendance at a local church fellowship. There, each member of the Christian community can minister to others, and others can minister to them for the mutual benefit of all. The New Testament book of Hebrews touches on this idea when it tells us, “Let us not give up meeting together, as some are in the habit of doing, but let us encourage one another-and all the more as you see the Day approaching” (Hebrews 10:25 NIV).

While today’s age of online access may encourage us to view church services remotely from home, we should note that this passage references “…the assembling of ourselves together” (KJV). In the original context of this verse, that directive refers to a physical assembly. Therefore, we should make a concerted effort to attend church in person whenever possible.

Image Attribution: Investment by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0 Alpha Stock Images

(1) G3330 – metadidomi – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g3330/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) Barclay, William. Romans 1 – Barclay’s Daily Study Bible – Bible Commentaries – StudyLight.org. (n.d.). StudyLight.org. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dsb/romans-1.html

Romans – Chapter One XXV

by Ed Urzi January 23, 2026

“For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of His Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers, making request if, by some means, now at last I may find a way in the will of God to come to you” (Romans 1:9-10).

It seems interesting that the Apostle Paul called upon God to serve as a corroborating witness to his prayers for the congregation at Rome. Of course, the church at Rome wasn’t the only congregation Paul was praying for, as we learn in his epistles to the Ephesian (Ephesians 1:15-16), Philippian (Philippians 1:3-4), Colossian (Colossians 1:3-4), and Thessalonian (1Thessalonians 1:2-3) churches.

Even though Paul had many acquaintances who attended the church at Rome, it appears that few (if any) of them were aware of his prayers on their behalf. Paul’s quiet, prayerful dedication to their well-being thus serves as a model for us to emulate. It should also prompt us to consider the following counsel from Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount…

“Beware of practicing your righteousness before other people in order to be seen by them, for then you will have no reward from your Father who is in heaven… And when you pray, you must not be like the hypocrites. For they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and at the street corners, that they may be seen by others. Truly, I say to you, they have received their reward. But when you pray, go into your room and shut the door and pray to your Father who is in secret. And your Father who sees in secret will reward you” (Matthew 6:1, 5-6 ESV).

Paul will later go on to mention the obstacles that prevented him from fulfilling his desire to visit Rome in verse thirteen. But despite those setbacks, Paul never ceased in his heartfelt prayers for the members of that congregation. In taking this prayerful approach, Paul sought to align himself with God’s will in acting on his desire to meet the members of the Roman fellowship and enjoy their company. And while Paul did indeed make it to Rome, the circumstances of his arrival there were probably not what he expected at the time he authored this epistle.

Nevertheless, God used the opportunity of that delay to produce the Biblical masterpiece we know today Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Thus, as Paul will later write in a well-known and beloved portion of this letter, “And we know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose” (Romans 8:28).

Romans – Chapter One XXIV

by Ed Urzi January 22, 2026

“First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world” (Romans 1:8).

As mentioned earlier, Romans 1:1-7 forms the longest introductory greeting among Paul the Apostle’s Biblical epistles. But now that those formalities are complete, our author is prepared to undertake his first order of business here in verse eight. This involved a warmer and more personal tone that began when Paul essentially said, “Let me start by telling you something.”

The Living Bible translation of this passage captures the exuberant spirit of that “something” in its paraphrase of this verse: “Let me say first of all that wherever I go I hear you being talked about! For your faith in God is becoming known around the world. How I thank God through Jesus Christ for this good report, and for each one of you.”

We can better understand Paul’s sense of enthusiasm when we remember that Rome was the capital city of an empire that dominated the known world of that era. To have such an excellent witness for Christ in the very heart of that empire was truly cause for rejoicing. This was especially true when we consider the fact that Paul interacted with other congregations (such as those in Corinth, Galatia, and Crete) who struggled with reputations that were less than stellar.

This passage also marks the first appearance of the most significant word in this epistle: faith. One Biblical scholar highlights the various applications of this word as it appears here in the Book of Romans. For example, the word “faith” is used in three distinct ways…

1. Verse 5. It is used of a body of truths or doctrines related to Jesus and the Christian life (cf. Acts 6:7; 13:8; 14:22; 16:5; Rom. 14:1; 16:26; Gal. 1:23; 6:10; Jude 3, 20).

2. Verse 8. It is used in the sense of personal trust in Jesus. The English terms “believe,” “faith,” and “trust” all translate one Greek term (pistis/pisteuo). The gospel is both conceptual (doctrine) and personal (cf. v.16; John 1:12; 3:16).

3. Verse 17. It is used in its OT sense of trustworthiness, loyalty, or dependability. This is the meaning of Hab. 2:4. In the OT there was not a developed doctrine of faith, but example after example of lives of faith (cf. Abraham in Gen. 15:6), not perfect faith but struggling faith (cf. Hebrews 11). The hope of mankind is not in their ability to perform or believe correctly, but in God’s character (cf. Rom. 3:24; 6:23; Eph. 2:8-9). Only God is faithful (cf. Deut. 7:9; Isa. 49:7; Mal. 3:6; 1 Cor. 1:9; 10:13)! (1)

Image Attribution: Photo by Dawn Hudson, CC0 Public Domain, via Public Domain Pictures.net

(1) Dr. Bob Utley. Free Bible Commentary, Copyright © 2014 Bible Lessons International. Romans 1. (n.d.). https://www.freebiblecommentary.org/new_testament_studies/VOL05/VOL05_01.html

Romans – Chapter One XXIII

by Ed Urzi January 21, 2026

“To all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ” (Romans 1:7).

In speaking of those who are “…called to be saints,” Romans 1:7 employs a familiar term that is often poorly understood. For instance, some view the word “saint” as a designation that the church confers upon an exceptionally devout person. Others use this word to describe a resilient individual who perseveres through a host of adversities without complaint.

However, this word takes on a different meaning when it appears in a Biblical context. In the original language of this passage, the word translated “saint” refers to one who is “separated”, or “set apart.” Vine’s Expository Dictionary expands on this definition with the following insight: “In the plural, as used of believers, it designates all such and is not applied merely to persons of exceptional holiness, or to those who, having died, were characterized by exceptional acts of ‘saintliness.’”(1)

In light of this, we can say there is no scriptural basis to support the act of elevating an individual (or a select group of individuals) to the rank of sainthood. From a Biblical perspective, no human institution holds the ability to appoint someone to that position, for every man and woman in Christ is already acknowledged to be a saint. Thus, everyone who possesses genuine faith in Christ is declared to be set apart, and called to be saints.

This passage also features a greeting that serves as a recurring feature of Paul the Apostle’s New Testament letters: “Grace to you and peace…” We can find variations of that salutation in virtually all of Paul’s Biblical epistles…

“…Grace to you and peace” (1 Thessalonians 1:1).

“…Grace, mercy, and peace from God our Father and Jesus Christ our Lord” (1 Timothy 1:2).

“…Grace, mercy, and peace from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Savior” (Titus 1:4).

There are similar examples in 2 Corinthians 1:2, Galatians 1:3, Ephesians 1:2, Philippians 1:2, Colossians 1:2, Philemon 1:3, and 2 Timothy 1:2 as well. While there are some variations in these greetings, these references to grace and peace are consistent among them, and are always found in that specific order.

This makes good sense, for it is through Jesus’ sacrificial death that God graciously enables human beings to enter a relationship with Him. Thus, grace (the unmerited favor that God extends to us in Christ) leads to peace with our Creator and peace with others.

(1) Saint (-s) hagios (G40) Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words, © 1984, 1996, Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Romans – Chapter One XXII

by Ed Urzi January 20, 2026

“Through Him we have received grace and apostleship for obedience to the faith among all nations for His name, among whom you also are the called of Jesus Christ” (Romans 1:5-6).

Romans 1:5 features a rather humble acknowledgment from the Apostle Paul. You see, Paul did not view his role as an apostle as one that would permit him to lord his authority over others. Instead, he received that authority to serve a higher purpose: to bring about the “obedience of faith” (CSB) among those who were also called of Jesus Christ.

This reference to the “obedience of faith” is an interesting turn of phrase. The first element is obedience, a word that refers to an act of compliance or submission. (1) The second is faith, or a conviction regarding the truth of something. (2) This word-picture implies that genuine faith should lead us to act in obedience to God and His Word. The New Testament epistle of 1 John builds upon this idea in practical terms…

“Whoever says ‘I know him’ but does not keep his commandments is a liar, and the truth is not in him, but whoever keeps his word, in him truly the love of God is perfected. By this we may know that we are in him: whoever says he abides in him ought to walk in the same way in which he walked” (1 John 2:4-6).

As Jesus also told His disciples, “If you love me, you will obey what I command” (John 14:15 NIV). The underlying principle is that those who adhere to Jesus’ commandments show their love for Him and demonstrate the reality of their faith.

Verse six then concludes with a reference to “Jesus Christ.” Although some mistakenly interpret “Jesus Christ” as a first and last name, it is not a name in the conventional sense. Let’s begin with “Jesus.” Jesus is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew name Joshua. “Joshua” means, “Yahweh (God’s covenant name) (3) saves” or, “The Lord is salvation.” In its basic form, the word “salvation” conveys the idea of “deliverance” and refers to God’s liberation of human beings from their state of separation from Him. So, Jesus’ name embodies the core message of deliverance or salvation from our state of separation from God.

Next is the word “Christ.” This word is derived from the Greek term “Christos” and refers to the Messiah or “Anointed One.” It served to identify the redeemer of the Jewish people, the One who would save them from their enemies. So, a more accurate view of this phrase would be to say that “Jesus” is a name, while “Christ” identifies His title or office.

(1) G5218 – hypakoe – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g5218/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) G4102 – pistis – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4102/kjv/tr/0-1/

(3) See Stewart, D. (2020, June 9). Why is God called Yahweh? Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/the-attributes-of-god-that-belong-to-him-alone/22-why-is-god-called-yahweh.cfm

Romans – Chapter One XXI

by Ed Urzi January 19, 2026

“concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh and was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord” (Romans 1:3-4 ESV).

While Jesus’ ancestral relationship to Israel’s king David undoubtedly held great interest for the Jewish members of the church at Rome, those who hailed from other cultural backgrounds were another matter. Since non-Jewish readers might be less impressed with Jesus’ hereditary relationship to a long-deceased king of Israel, Paul the Apostle highlighted a historic event of broader significance: “…he was shown with great power to be the Son of God by being raised from death” (GNT).

One commentary illustrates the significance of these references to Jesus’ humanity and His resurrection…

“The expression according to the flesh implies that our Lord is more than a man. The words mean as to His humanity. If Christ were only a man, it would be unnecessary to single out this feature of His being, since there would be no other. But He is more than a man, as the next verse shows.” (1)

This brings us to several important truths regarding the person and work of Christ. Jesus is, and always has been, God’s divine Son. But God the Father “publicly identified” (CEB) His divinity through His resurrection from the dead. In other words, Jesus’ resurrection did not cause him to become the Son of God; instead, it served to confirm His deity.

These details are important, for Jesus “…was made of the seed of David” (KJV) in His human nature, but “…declared to be the Son of God” (ESV). Scholars refer to this concept as the hypostatic union, and it offers an easy way to express the Biblical teaching we find here in Romans 1:3-4: Jesus is one Person with two natures, one fully divine and one fully human. Those two natures are unified in one Person: Jesus, the God-man.

Another source offers a helpful synopsis of this important doctrine…

“A cardinal doctrine of the Christian faith is that in the one Person of Jesus Christ, through the incarnation two natures were united. One, the nature of perfect humanity, and the other the nature of deity (Hebrews 2:14-17;Galatians 4:4; Rom 1:3; Acts 2:29-30; John 7:42). This is known as the hypostatic union. When the eternal Word took a human nature at the incarnation (John 1:14) the Son took a real human nature including human flesh. The Son has existed from all eternity with the Father and the Holy Spirit (John 1:1; 8:58).” (2)

Therefore, the resurrection did not make Jesus the Son of God; it simply revealed who He really was. (3)

(1) William Macdonald, Believer’s Bible Commentary Edited by Arthur Farstad. Thomas Nelson Publishers (1 Corinthians 15:10) p.1666

(3) Watchman Fellowship Profile Notebook (2023) “The Church of God in Christ, Mennonite” https://www.watchman.org/

(3) See J. Vernon McGee, Thru The Bible with J. Vernon McGee, “Romans 1:1-7” Copyright 1981 by J. Vernon McGee

Romans – Chapter One XX

by Ed Urzi January 16, 2026

“concerning His Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh, and declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead” (Romans 1:3-4).

To further support the fact that his gospel message originated in the prophetic books of the Old Testament Scriptures, Paul the Apostle continued with a reference to Jesus, “…who as to his human nature was a descendant of David” (NIV). This was an important point to establish with his Jewish audience, many of whom were familiar with the messianic prophecies that specified the Messiah’s descent through the lineage of Israel’s king David.

Nevertheless, this passage offers greater theological depth than its brevity might suggest. Several commentators can help us remain Biblically accurate when considering these important references to Christ. We can begin with this reference to “…Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh” (KJV)…

“‘Was made’ is Ginomai in a second aorist participle signifying entrance into a new condition. The verb means ‘to become.’ John uses it in his statement, ‘The Word became flesh’ (Joh 1:14), that is, entered into a new state or condition by assuming a human body and putting Himself under human limitations.” (1)

Next is a reference to the “Son of David,” a phrase that is repeatedly linked to Jesus in the New Testament Scriptures…

“This relates to the prophecy of 2 Samuel 7; 1 Chronicles 17. The Messiah was of the royal line of David (cf. Isa. 9:7; 11:1,10; Jer. 23:5; 30:9; 33:15) from the tribe of Judah (cf. Gen. 49:4-12; Isa. 65:9). In Matthew’s Gospel Jesus is acknowledged as David’s descendant several times (cf. Matt. 1:6; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30,31; 21:9,15; 22:42), which reflected the Jewish hope of a coming Davidic savior.” (2)

The phrase “according to the flesh” also speaks of Jesus’ genealogical descent from Israel’s king David…

“Matthew 1 gives the genealogical proof that Jesus, in His humanity, was a direct descendant of Abraham and David through Joseph, Jesus’ legal father. The genealogy in Luke 3 traces Jesus’ lineage through His mother, Mary. Jesus is a descendant of David by adoption through Joseph and by blood through Mary. ‘As to his earthly life [Christ Jesus] was a descendant of David’” (Romans 1:3).” (3)

Our final commentator ties these data points together…

“This Jesus had both a human origin (born of the seed of David according to the flesh), and an eternal existence (declared to be the Son of God). The evidence of Jesus’ humanity is His human birth; the evidence of His deity is His resurrection from the dead.” (4)

(1) Kenneth S. Wuest, Word Studies in the Greek New Testament (note on Romans 1:2-4) Copyright © 1942-55 by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

(2) Dr. Bob Utley. Free Bible Commentary, Copyright © 2014 Bible Lessons International. Romans 1. (n.d.). https://www.freebiblecommentary.org/new_testament_studies/VOL05/VOL05_01.html

(3) GotQuestions.org. (2025, May 5). GotQuestions.org. https://www.gotquestions.org/Jesus-son-of-David.html

(4) Guzik, David. Enduring Word. (2025, April 3). Enduring Word Bible Commentary Romans Chapter 1. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/romans-1/

Romans – Chapter One XIX

by Ed Urzi January 15, 2026

After he embarked on his second missionary journey, Paul the Apostle took advantage of an opportunity to discuss the resurrection of Christ with the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers of his day. The Biblical book of Acts chronicles their response to Paul’s gospel message…

“When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, ‘What’s this babbler trying to say with these strange ideas he’s picked up?’ Others said, ‘He seems to be preaching about some foreign gods'” (Acts 17:18 NLT).

The allegation that Paul was someone who promoted a foreign (or perhaps imaginary) god was far from accurate. However, it’s possible that some members of the Roman congregation had been exposed to those accusations. So, to counter those charges, it appears that Paul launched something of a pre-emptive strike beginning in Romans 1:2. That portion of Scripture begins with an important declaration…

“which He promised before through His prophets in the Holy Scriptures” (Romans 1:2).

Paul will advance two lines of argument over the course of the next few verses. The first was primarily designed to benefit the Jewish members of his audience and others who were familiar with the Old Testament Scriptures. In making this claim here in verse two, Paul effectively communicated an important truth: “The message I proclaim is not something that sprang from my own intellect or imagination; it was promised in advance through the prophets in the Holy Scriptures.”

In other words, Paul did not advocate a “foreign god” or new religion. Instead, he proclaimed the same good news that was predicted by God’s prophets. Those Old Testament prophets foretold of a New Covenant and a Messiah whose sacrifice would bring hope and redemption. So in making this connection, Paul established a complimentary relationship between these Old and New Covenants.

While other religious traditions maintained their own collections of “sacred texts,” Paul had a precise definition in mind in referring to “the Holy Scriptures”…

“The New Testament uses the term Scripture in a technical sense. It occurs some fifty times, and in most cases it refers unmistakably to the Old Testament as a whole. To first century Christians, the word Scripture meant primarily the sacred canon of the Old Testament, which is called ‘sacred Scriptures’ (II Tim. 3:15…) or ‘holy scriptures’ (Rom. 1:2). These they acknowledged to be ‘inspired of God’ (II Tim. 3: 16…) and the rule for faith and practice (v. 17; cf. Rom. 15:4).” (1)

So, Paul made certain to establish an important foundation: the gospel he proclaimed did not originate with him, but proceeded from God. In making this reference to the prophets of the Old Testament,  Paul was diligent to root his message in the authority of God’s Word.

(1) Geisler, N. L., & Nix, W. E. (1968). A General Introduction to the Bible. [pg. 74]

Romans – Chapter One XVIII

by Ed Urzi January 14, 2026

“Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God–” (Romans 1:1 NIV).

So, Paul was called to be an apostle, but to what purpose? Well, that purpose is made clear in the verse quoted above where Paul tells us he was “set apart for the gospel of God.” This tells us that Paul was called to the apostolic mission of preaching the gospel (or “good news”) that…

  • Jesus’ death served as the payment for the penalty of sin.
  • By trusting in Him, we can be forgiven and inherit eternal life.

Of course, there are other “gospels” (spiritual and non-spiritual) that also purport to be good news but are actually something else. For example, some “gospels” emphasize good works, moral living, or strict allegiance to a set of religious principles as the path to favor with God. Then there are secular “gospels” that promote the superficial allure of social popularity or wealth accumulation as the keys to happiness and satisfaction in life.

But those “gospels” are not the “gospel of God” Paul references here in Romans 1:1. Unfortunately, the same may often be said of sermons that routinely focus on something other than a study of God’s Word. One pastoral commentator takes the opportunity of this passage to offer a timely reminder…

“If you can take Jesus Christ out of a sermon without affecting it, you’re probably wasting your time listening to it. If you can take Jesus Christ out of a book without affecting it, you’re probably wasting your time reading it. Paul wasn’t separated unto the good advice of Christian living. He was separated to the Good News of God.” (1)

We can often identify the presence of such teaching with the following question: “How much Scripture does this person use in his or her book, message, or sermon?” Spiritual presentations that routinely feature little or no Biblical text should thus serve as warnings. The insight offered by another source is one that bears repeating in this regard…

“…There are various ways to use the word of God deceitfully, or to tamper with it. Using a Bible text to preach a ‘sermon’ that has little or nothing to do with the Bible is one of the common ways of doing it.” (2)

Thus, as we close our look at the opening verse of Romans chapter one, our final commentator summarizes Paul’s introduction in verse one: “The author introduces himself in the first verses of Romans by name (Paul), by identity (bondservant), by vocation (apostle), and by purpose (separated to the gospel of God). (3)

Image Attribution :Gospel Messenger, The (1884), Internet Archive Book Images, Public Domain via flickr.com

(1) Jon Courson, Jon Courson’s Application Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2003), 866.

(2) Paul T. Butler. The Bible Study Textbook Series, Studies In Second Corinthians (College Press) [p. 93] Copyright © 1988 College Press Publishing Company https://archive.org/stream/BibleStudyTextbookSeriesSecondCorinthians/132Corinthians-Butler_djvu.txt

(3) Earl D. Radmacher, Ronald Barclay Allen, and H. Wayne House, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Commentary (Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1999), 1421.

Romans – Chapter One XVII

by Ed Urzi January 13, 2026

“From Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God” (Romans 1:1 NET).

We should note the sequence here in Paul the Apostle’s introductory message to the church at Rome. Notice that Paul first identified himself as a slave of Christ, and then as an apostle. So even though Paul was called to an apostolic leadership position, that call was rooted in his servant relationship to Christ.

We can clarify this idea of a “calling” with a look at the following excerpt from the Gospel of Mark…

“And [Jesus] went up on the mountain and called to Him those He Himself wanted. And they came to Him. Then He appointed twelve, that they might be with Him and that He might send them out to preach” (Mark 3:13-14).

This initial reference to Jesus’ “calling” involved a summons or invitation. (1) That was followed by an appointment, or the act of making or doing something. (2) While there is some overlap in these definitions, they convey the general idea of a “call to the performance of a thing.” (3)

So Paul clearly viewed his ministry as a divine invitation or appointment. (4) In a similar manner, we can often discern God’s call on our lives by conducting a prayerful assessment of the gifts, talents, skills, abilities, interests, desires, blessings, and opportunities He has given us. One commentator offers several insights from this passage as we consider God’s call to our own life’s work…

“Paul never thought of himself as a man who had aspired to an honour; he thought of himself as a man who had been given a task. Jesus said to his men, ‘You did not choose me, but I chose you’ (Joh_15:16). Paul did not think of life in terms of what he wanted to do, but in terms of what God meant him to do… Paul knew himself to be chosen not for special honour, but for special responsibility.” (4)

That brings us to Paul’s self-identification as an apostle. In a Biblical context, the word “apostle” identifies someone who fulfills the role of a commissioned representative. much like an ambassador or spokesperson. Thus, we can say that an apostle is someone who has been entrusted with the power and authority to act as a representative of Christ.

However, the Biblical apostles (like Paul) held several important qualifications that set them apart from anyone who claims the role of a modern-day apostle. For example…

  • They were first-century eyewitnesses of Jesus following His resurrection (John 20:26-28, 1 Corinthians 9:1).
  • They were personally selected by Jesus to serve as apostles (Matthew 10:1-4, Acts 9:10-16).
  • They possessed the God-given ability to perform miracles (Acts 2:43, Acts 19:11-12).

While the ministry of an apostle no longer exists in a Biblical sense, we can still fulfill this important role as “ambassadors for Christ” as we represent Him to others.

(1) G4341 proskaleo. (n.d.). billmounce.com. https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/proskaleo

(2) G4160 – poieo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4160/kjv/tr/0-1/

(3) G2822 – kletos – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g2822/kjv/tr/0-1/

(4) Barclay, William. “Commentary on Romans 1”. “William Barclay’s Daily Study Bible”. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dsb/romans-1.html. 1956-1959.

Romans – Chapter One XVI

by Ed Urzi January 12, 2026

“Paul, a bond-servant of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle (special messenger, personally chosen representative), set apart for [preaching] the gospel of God [the good news of salvation]” (Romans 1:1 AMP).

The Biblical book of Acts tells us that God enabled Paul the Apostle to perform miracles that were so astounding that some began to revere him as a god (see Acts 14:8-15). But Paul preemptively dismissed that notion for the benefit of his Roman audience by identifying himself as a “bond-servant of Christ.”

In the original language of the passage, the word “bondservant” is a direct translation of the word “doulos.” (1) That term denotes someone who willingly relinquishes his or her rights, privileges, and entitlements in service to another. While ordinary servants might welcome an opportunity to gain their freedom, a bondservant is someone who willingly accepts that position. One Biblical scholar expands on these definitions with the following insights…

“The Greek word doulos, which is the word servant in the KJV, is more accurately translated by the word slave. In the ancient world a servant was a hired employee who could come and go and even resign if he wanted. But a doulos was owned by a kyrios, a master or lord. He was the purchased property of the slave owner.

This imagery is frequently used in the New Testament to reflect the relationship between Christ and his people. We belong to Christ—our kyrios, our Lord and Master. He has the right of an owner to impose obligation on us. Because Paul so clearly understood that believers have been purchased by the blood of Jesus Christ, he called himself a doulos, or slave, of Jesus Christ.” (2)

Paul was one of several New Testament leaders to adopt this title, a list that included Peter (2 Peter 1:1), Epaphras (Colossians 4:12), James (James 1:1), and Jude (Jude 1:1). But even more significant is the fact that Jesus leads by example in this area…

“Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus, who, being in the form of God, did not consider it robbery to be equal with God, but made Himself of no reputation, taking the form of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of men. And being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross” (Philippians 2:5-8).

With this in mind, the following portion of Jesus’ message to His disciples at the last supper adds an important layer of understanding to our text from Romans 1:1…

“For I have given you an example, that you should do as I have done to you. Most assuredly, I say to you, a servant is not greater than his master; nor is he who is sent greater than he who sent him. If you know these things, blessed are you if you do them” (John 13:12-17).

(1) G1401 doulos https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g1401/kjv/tr/0-1/

(2) Sproul, R. C. (1992). Before the face of God: Book 1: A daily guide for living from the book of Romans (electronic ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House; Ligonier Ministries.

Romans – Chapter One XV

by Ed Urzi January 9, 2026

“Romans serves as the flagship of the fleet of Pauline letters within the New Testament.” (1)

The first chapter of the Book of Romans introduces us to the central theme of this great Biblical book. That theme involves God’s righteousness and humanity’s relation to it. Romans chapter one will also explore the nature of humanity’s rebellion against God, along with the destructive consequences associated with that rebellion. But before we delve into those topics, let’s begin with first things first.

When traveling outside our home country, it’s important to carry a valid passport or similar form of identification. A passport serves to validate our identity and authenticate the person we claim to be. Without those credentials, our capacity to travel abroad would be greatly limited. In keeping with this idea, Paul the Apostle will lay out his “credentials” here in the opening verses of Romans, chapter one.

Those credentials help form Paul’s statement of faith and establish his authority to speak about Jesus’ life and ministry…

“Paul, a bondservant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated to the gospel of God” (Romans 1:1).

This opening salutation will continue through verse seven and forms the longest introductory greeting in any of Paul’s New Testament epistles. However, the first verse of this letter offers a remarkably concise description of who Paul is and what he does. We’ll explore these aspects of Paul’s identity at greater length over the next few studies.

It’s also interesting to note that Paul’s name constitutes the very first word of this epistle. Today, we typically sign our names or identify ourselves at the end of a handwritten message. But in the first century, it was customary to begin a piece of correspondence with the name of the author, the recipient’s name, and a greeting. In accordance with that first-century custom, Paul identified himself as the author of this epistle right at the beginning of his opening sentence.

However, there was a practical reason for ancient writers to “sign” their names at the beginning of their correspondence…

“All letters and other written communications, in New Testament times, were written upon parchments and conveyed to their recipients in rolled-up form; and that ancient style of letter required, as a practical consideration, that the signature of the writer be at the beginning. Otherwise, it would have been necessary to unroll the entire scroll to find the name of the sender. Therefore, Paul followed the custom of the times in placing his name along with the salutation in the beginning of the epistle.” (2)

(1) Earl D. Radmacher, Ronald Barclay Allen, and H. Wayne House, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Commentary (Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1999), 1420.

(2) Coffman, James Burton. “Commentary on Romans 1”. “Coffman’s Commentaries on the Bible”. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/bcc/romans-1.html. Abilene Christian University Press, Abilene, Texas, USA. 1983-1999.

Romans – Chapter One XIV

by Ed Urzi January 8, 2026

Although it appears that the Apostle Paul (along with the Apostle Peter) were both martyred in Rome, it seems unlikely that either of those great Apostles founded the the church there. The church at Rome likely began when those who were present for the events that occurred in Acts chapter two and made their way back to the capital city. Others may have sought refuge from persecution (Acts 8:1-4), Once in Rome, their paths converged with those who had heard and believed the gospel and the nascent church was born.

With such a patchwork of cultures and personalities coexisting together, Paul was uniquely qualified to help the Roman congregation grow into spiritual maturity. Consider how Paul was God’s “man for the job” with respect to the church at Rome…

  • First, Paul was an academic scholar who taught with the authority of an apostle.
  • However, Paul also had to labor to support himself on occasion. Thus, he was familiar with the struggles and challenges of working life.
  • Paul had command of multiple languages, a great advantage when communicating with multilingual audiences.
  • He also possessed an exhaustive knowledge of Judaism and its related traditions. In fact, the Book of Romans contains dozens of quotations from the Old Testament Scriptures.
  • Nevertheless, Paul did not live a religiously sheltered life, for he was deeply familiar with Greek and Roman culture.
  • By his own admission, Paul was a poor orator, but he spoke from the perspective of a knowledgeable and experienced world traveler.

Thus, Paul was well-qualified to speak with with the members of this culturally diverse fellowship. However, the Book of Romans also reveals that Paul had a few agenda items of his own with respect to these believers…

  • He sought to establish a mutually edifying and encouraging relationship with them (1:12).
  • He was eager for an opportunity to communicate the Gospel in that busy metropolitan area (1:15).
  • Finally, he hoped to secure the church’s support for a potential missionary journey into Spain- but not until he had an opportunity to enjoy their company for a while (15:28).

The following commentator will close our introduction to this great Biblical book with the following summary…

“Romans embodies the most complete exposition of Christian doctrine in the Bible. Most of Paul’s other epistles were written either to churches in which Paul had a direct interest as founder or to individuals whom he knew personally. His church epistles were usually written to deal with specific needs in the particular churches, but this was not true of Romans.

Furthermore, Rome was the greatest city in the world, so the Roman Gentile Christians had unique opportunities of witness and ministry. Accordingly, Paul used his letter to Rome, probably written while in Corinth on his third missionary journey (16:23; Ac 20:3), to compose a logical and extensive exposition and defense of Christianity.” (1)

(1) Institute for Creation Research, New Defender’s Study Bible Notes [Romans 1:1] https://www.icr.org/bible/Rom/1/1/ Accessed 10 July, 2025

Romans – Chapter One XIII

by Ed Urzi January 7, 2026

In addition to serving as an introductory letter, the Epistle to the Romans offered a further benefit to the church at Rome. Much like a water well fed by a deep artesian spring, this letter offered a wellspring of spiritual insight that one could draw upon repeatedly. Since there were likely to be some who held rudimentary, questionable, or fragmented views of Christianity, this letter offered an opportunity to correct any potential misunderstandings. The same is true today.

This may explain some of the lengthy doctrinal discussions that appear in the midst of this epistle. In contrast to some other New Testament churches where Paul the Apostle had an opportunity to develop a strong spiritual foundation, things were a little different in Rome. From a human perspective, Paul had no way of knowing what spiritual views he might encounter on a visit to Rome. This letter would thus provide an opportunity to establish a good spiritual baseline.

Furthermore, there are some clues to suggest that Paul wanted to dispel certain misconceptions concerning his life and ministry. For instance, there is the following exchange in Romans 3:8…

“And some people even slander us by claiming that we say, ‘The more we sin, the better it is!’ Those who say such things deserve to be condemned” (NLT).

Then there is a hypothetical argument that appears in Romans 9:19. The genesis of that argument is almost certainly traceable back to some of Paul’s earlier discussions with those he met during his missionary journeys…

“Of course I can almost hear your retort: ‘If this is so, and God’s will is irresistible, why does God blame men for what they do?’ But the question really is this: ‘Who are you, a man, to make any such reply to God?’ When a craftsman makes anything he doesn’t expect it to turn round and say, ‘Why did you make me like this?’” (Phillips).

As the Biblical book of Proverbs reminds us, “Any story sounds true until someone tells the other side and sets the record straight” (Proverbs 18:17 TLB). To some extent, Paul’s epistle to the Romans may represent his attempt to “set the record straight” with respect to his teachings. One commentary puts the importance of these things into perspective for the first century church at Rome…

“The Roman church had no New Testament because the Gospels were not yet being circulated in their final written form. Thus, this letter may well have been the first piece of Christian literature the Roman believers had seen. Written to both Jewish and Gentile Christians, the letter to the Romans is a systematic presentation of the Christian faith.” (1)

(1) Life Application Study Bible [Romans 1:1] Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2004 by Tyndale House Publishers Inc., all rights reserved.

Romans – Chapter One XII

by Ed Urzi January 6, 2026

As the capital of the Roman Empire, the city of Rome held a position of preeminence in the first-century world. From its central location in western Italy, Rome governed large portions of Europe, the near east, and north Africa during the New Testament era.

The following commentary offers an overview of Rome at the time of Paul the Apostle’s letter to the church there…

“Rome was the capital and most important city of the Roman Empire. It was founded in 753 B.C., but is not mentioned in Scripture until NT times. Rome is located along the banks of the Tiber River, about 15 miles from the Mediterranean Sea. Until an artificial harbor was built at nearby Ostia, Rome’s main harbor was Puteoli, some 150 miles away…

In Paul’s day, the city had a population of over one million people, many of whom were slaves. Rome boasted magnificent buildings, such as the Emperor’s palace, the Circus Maximus, and the Forum, but its beauty was marred by the slums in which so many lived.” (1)

Much like the city of Corinth (though vastly larger), the city of Rome was a study in contrasts. On one hand, the city was cultured, artistic, and sophisticated. However, it was deeply immoral, idolatrous, and depraved in many respects.

That brings us to this letter itself. Since there were no postal services available within the Roman Empire, all forms of correspondence had to be carried by hand for delivery to their intended destination. In this instance, Romans 16:1-2 suggests that Paul the Apostle’s designated letter carrier was a woman named Phoebe. That portion of Scripture tells us that Phoebe attended church in the Corinthian seaport village of Cenchrea, and further suggests that the Epistle to the Romans may have originated in Corinth.

In part, this lengthy epistle served as Paul’s introduction to the Roman church, especially for those who were relatively unfamiliar with his life, ministry, and doctrine. And as we’ll see later in chapter one, Paul affirmed his desire to follow this letter with a personal visit. In fact, he acknowledged that he would have visited them sooner if circumstances had not prevented him from doing so.

Finally, Paul encouraged his audience by reminding them of his continued prayers for them (1:9) and provided his readers with a glimpse of his future travel plans: “So, to the fullest extent of my ability, I am ready to come also to you in Rome to preach God’s Good News” (Romans 1:15 TLB).

Image Attribution : “Ancient Rome sure looked like the National Mall” by Don Sniegowski, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

(1) John F. MacArthur Jr., The MacArthur Study Bible: New American Standard Bible. (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2006).

Romans – Chapter One XI

by Ed Urzi January 5, 2026

Introduction to the Book of Romans

The opening verse of the Biblical book of Romans identifies Paul the Apostle as the author of this letter, while the final chapter tells us that a secretary named Tertius held the important responsibility of transcribing this message on his behalf. As we might expect, this epistle derives its name from Paul’s intended audience: the assembly of believers who gathered in Rome, the capital of the Roman Empire.

Although the book of Romans appears first among the New Testament epistles, there are other Biblical epistles that likely predate it. Nevertheless, the length and theological content of Paul’s Epistle to the Romans helps account for its prominent position within the New Testament canon.

Most commentators believe Paul authored the book of Romans while he was temporarily residing in the city of Corinth. Corinth was situated on a land area between the Aegean and Ionian seas, a location was that very attractive to seafaring travelers who were moving between the eastern and western portions of the Roman Empire. Since Corinth’s harbor narrowed to a strip of land that was only about four miles (6.5km) wide at one point, travelers and merchants found it relatively easy to cross that distance on foot and continue their ocean voyage on the other side.

This meant that Corinth served as a busy metropolitan area in the days of the first century. Thus, it should not surprise us to learn that Paul spent over eighteen months there at one point. In fact, a few of Paul’s associates from that period of his ministry also appear in the Book of Romans. (1) This further supports the theory that Paul wrote the Epistle to the Romans while he was in Corinth.

One commentator ties this timeline together…

“The life and ministry of Paul (also known as Saul of Tarsus) is well documented in Acts chapters 8 through 28, as well as Galatians 1 and 2, and 2 Corinthians 11 and 12. It is almost universally agreed that Paul wrote Romans from the city of Corinth as he wintered there on his third missionary journey as described in Acts 20:2-3 (based on Romans 16:1, 23 and 1 Corinthians 1:14).

A variety of commentators pick dates with confidence anywhere from 53 to 58. By the time Paul wrote Romans, he had been a Christian preacher for some 20 years. In Corinth, on his way to Jerusalem, he had three months without any pressing duties. He may have thought this was a good time to write ahead to Rome, a church he was planning to visit after Jerusalem.” (2)

(1) Compare Acts 20:4 and Romans 16:21–23

(2) Enduring Word. (2025, April 3). Enduring Word Bible Commentary Romans Chapter 1. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/romans-1/

Romans – Chapter One X

by Ed Urzi January 2, 2026

In the aftermath of any incident involving a large aircraft, a critical first step for investigators is to recover the flight data recorder, or “black box.” That device typically captures recordings of cockpit conversations, flight information, and environmental conditions that provide valuable insight into that aircraft’s journey. In a similar manner, the final chapter of the Biblical book of 2 Timothy serves as a kind of “black box” that offers insight into Paul the Apostle’s mindset as he neared the end of his earthly life.

Originally written around A.D. 64-66, there are a few verses from the book of 2 Timothy that clearly allude to Paul’s impending death…

“For I am already being poured out as a drink offering, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith” (2 Timothy 4:6-7).

Sensing that his time may be short, he then added the following…

“Be diligent to come to me quickly… Do your utmost to come before winter” (2 Timothy 4:9, 20).

While we can’t say with certainty that Timothy made contact with Paul prior to his death, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs records the traditional belief concerning the end of Paul’s life…

“Paul, the Apostle, who was before called Saul, after his great travail and unspeakable labours in promoting the Gospel of Christ, suffered also in this persecution under Nero… the soldiers came and led him out of the city to the place of execution, where he, after his prayers were made, gave his neck to the sword.” (1)

Another reference to Paul’s death appears in an early, extra-Biblical document known as 1 Clement. That first-century epistle says in part…

“Owing to envy, Paul also obtained the reward of patient endurance, after being seven times thrown into captivity, compelled to flee, and stoned. After preaching both in the east and west, he gained the illustrious reputation due to his faith, having taught righteousness to the whole world, and come to the extreme limit of the west, and suffered martyrdom under the prefects. Thus was he removed from the world, and went into the holy place, having proved himself a striking example of patience.” (1)

This biographical information concerning the life and death of Paul the Apostle sets the stage for our entry into the Biblical book of Romans. We’ll continue with an overview of the church at Rome and the structure of this epistle starting next.

Image Attribution: André Gustavo Stumpf from Brasília, Brasil, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) John Foxe, Foxe’s Book Of Martyrs [pg. 13] © 1981 by Whitaker House https://archive.org/details/foxesbookofmarty00foxe_1/page/12/mode/2up

(2) First Clement: Clement of Rome. (n.d.) [5.5-5.6] . https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-roberts.html

Romans – Chapter One IX

by Ed Urzi December 31, 2025

When faced with the need to deflect responsibility for the devastation caused by the Great Fire of Rome, the Roman Emperor Nero delivered a calculated and politically expedient response. He chose to target a segment of the Roman population that was virtually defenseless and ill-equipped to fight against a false accusation of arson. That group was the first-century Christian community.

The raging fire caused extensive damage, immense pain, and utter destruction, thus demanding a proportional response against those who were deemed responsible. That led to what has come to be known as the “Neronian Persecutions,” the first large-scale governmental action ever taken against the church. The ancient Roman historian Tacitus described the horrific consequences of that decision from the position of a secular observer…

“To suppress this rumour, Nero fabricated scapegoats – and punished with every refinement the notoriously depraved Christians (as they were popularly called). Their originator, Christ, had been executed in Tiberius’ reign by the governor of Judaea, Pontius Pilatus. But in spite of this temporary setback the deadly superstition had broken out afresh, not only in Judaea (where the mischief had started) but even in Rome…

First, Nero had self-acknowledged Christians arrested. Then, on their information, large numbers of others were condemned – not so much for incendiarism as for their anti-social tendencies. Their deaths were made farcical. Dressed in wild animals’ skins, they were torn to pieces by dogs, or crucified, or made into torches to be ignited after dark as substitutes for daylight. Nero provided his Gardens for the spectacle, and exhibited displays in the Circus, at which he mingled with the crowd – or stood in a chariot, dressed as a charioteer.

Despite their guilt as Christians, and the ruthless punishment it deserved, the victims were pitied. For it was felt that they were being sacrificed to one man’s brutality rather than to the national interest.” (1)

As we might expect, the impact of this action upon the Christian community was catastrophic. It is impossible to number those who were murdered in the Neronian persecutions, except to say that untold multitudes perished during that period.

Tradition holds that Peter the Apostle was also executed during that era. The customary belief regarding Peter’s death states that he was crucified upside down at his own request. His rationale for that request stemmed from an attitude of deep humility, for he is said to have proclaimed, “I am not worthy to be crucified after the same form and manner as the Lord.“

But what became of Paul the Apostle? We’ll seek to answer that question next.

Image Attribution: Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Christian Martyrs’ Last Prayer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Grant, Michael (translator), Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, (1989)

Romans – Chapter One VIII

by Ed Urzi December 30, 2025

On (or about) the night of July 19th, A.D. 64, a devastating fire broke out in the ancient city of Rome. A Roman historian and political figure of that era named Cornelius Tacitus chronicled the devastating impact of that fire…

“…Now started the most terrible and destructive fire which Rome had ever experienced. It began in the Circus, where it adjoins the Palatine and Caelian hills. Breaking out in shops selling inflammable goods, and fanned by the wind, the conflagration instantly grew and swept the whole length of the Circus. There were no walled mansions or temples, or any other obstructions, which could arrest it. First, the fire swept violently over the level spaces. Then it climbed the hills – but returned to ravage the lower ground again. It outstripped every counter-measure. The ancient city’s narrow winding streets and irregular blocks encouraged its progress.

Terrified, shrieking women, helpless old and young, people intent on their own safety, people unselfishly supporting invalids or waiting for them, fugitives and lingerers alike – all heightened the confusion. When people looked back, menacing flames sprang up before them or outflanked them. When they escaped to a neighboring quarter, the fire followed – even districts believed remote proved to be involved. Finally, with no idea where or what to flee, they crowded on to the country roads, or lay in the fields…

(The Roman Emperor) Nero was at Antium. He returned to the city only when the fire was approaching the mansion he had built to link the Gardens of Maecenas to the Palatine. The flames could not be prevented from overwhelming the whole of the Palatine, including his palace…

By the sixth day enormous demolitions had confronted the raging flames with bare ground and open sky, and the fire was finally stamped out at the foot of the Esquiline Hill. But before panic had subsided, or hope revived, flames broke out again in the more open regions of the city. Here there were fewer casualties; but the destruction of temples and pleasure arcades was even worse…

Of Rome’s fourteen districts only four remained intact. Three were leveled to the ground. The other seven were reduced to a few scorched and mangled ruins. To count the mansions, blocks, and temples destroyed would be difficult.” (1)

Although the cause of the fire was undetermined, speculation arose that Nero had been involved as part of a misguided attempt to facilitate a large-scale building project. That led to a disastrous turn of events…

“…the rumours that Nero was responsible raged among the distressed population. He had never been so unpopular… It had therefore become imperative to divert the charge to some other person or group. The victims the government chose for this role were the Christians…” (2)

We’ll continue with a look at the historical impact of that decision next.

Image Attribution: Hubert Robert, Incendie à Rome, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) Grant, Michael (translator), Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, (1989)

(2) Grant, M. (1970). Nero, Emperor in revolt. p. 154

Romans – Chapter One VII

by Ed Urzi December 29, 2025

Following Paul’s return from his third missionary journey, he was taken into custody by the Jewish authorities. That led to a trial before the Sanhedrin, the supreme judicial authority within the Jewish legal system of that era. Paul then faced additional legal proceedings under two successive Roman governors. His case dragged on for over two years until he finally invoked his right as a Roman citizen and appealed his case to Caesar, the Roman Emperor. The governor who presided over his hearing subsequently replied, “‘Very well! You have appealed to Caesar, and to Caesar you shall go!'” (Acts 25:12 TLB).

So Paul was dispatched to Rome to appeal his case before the Emperor, a journey that marked Paul’s fourth and final missionary endeavor. That began a lengthy odyssey that spanned thousands of travel miles and featured a harrowing shipwreck off the coast of the island of Malta. However, our last glimpse of Paul in the book of Acts finds him residing as a tenant in a rental home and preaching openly in Rome…

“Then Paul dwelt two whole years in his own rented house, and received all who came to him, preaching the kingdom of God and teaching the things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ with all confidence, no one forbidding him” (Acts 28:30-31).

Noticeably absent from that account is any mention of a trial before Caesar. But even though that narrative represents the end of the book of Acts, it does not represent the end of Paul’s story. You see, Paul was about to enter a period of intense persecution that was far harsher than any he had previously known.

When Paul exercised his right of appeal before Caesar, his case was remanded to the Emperor Nero who ruled from A.D. 54 – A.D. 68. The ancient church historian Eusebius offered the following assessment of Nero…

“To describe the greatness of his depravity does not lie within the plan of the present work.. after he had accomplished the destruction of so many myriads without any reason, he ran into such blood-guiltiness that he did not spare even his nearest relatives and dearest friends, but destroyed his mother and his brothers and his wife, with very many others of his own family as he would private and public enemies, with various kinds of deaths.” (1)

Foxe’s Book of Martyrs adds…

“So prodigious a monster of nature of was he (more like a beast, yea, rather a devil than a man) that he seemed to be born to the destruction of man.” (2)

Nero, of course, is widely known for initiating the wave of Roman persecution against the early church that began in A.D. 64. The event that triggered that response is known to history as the Great Fire of Rome. We’ll take a closer look at that tragic event (and the horrors that followed) beginning next.

(1) Philip Schaff: NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine – Christian Classics Ethereal Library. (n.d.). https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vii.xxvi.html

(2) John Foxe, Foxe’s Book Of Martyrs [pg. 5] © 1981 by Whitaker House https://archive.org/details/foxesbookofmarty00foxe_1/mode/2up

Romans – Chapter One VI

by Ed Urzi December 26, 2025

Paul’s post-conversion ministry and missionary travels.

As mentioned earlier, the New Testament book of Galatians tell us that Paul first preached his new-found faith in Arabia, the large peninsula between the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Having preached there, he subsequently made his way back to Damascus. After three years in Damascus, he traveled to the city of Jerusalem, and then returned to his hometown of Tarsus.

There, he was met by a man named Barnabas who enlisted Paul’s help in ministering to the growing church at Antioch. After a trip back to Judea to aid in famine relief, the Spirit of God directed Paul to an itinerant preaching and teaching ministry. From A.D. 46 to A.D. 62, Paul was almost continually on the road, traveling by boat and by foot, preaching the gospel and establishing churches. Paul made four major missionary journeys during this period that are chronicled in the Biblical book of Acts.

While all that travel and activity might sound exciting, the reality was far less glamorous than it might seem. In addressing his concerns regarding the false apostles who had worked their way into the Corinthian church, Paul offered the following insight into his life as an ambassador of Christ…

“Are they ministers of Christ?–I speak as a fool–I am more: in labors more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more frequently, in deaths often.

From the Jews five times I received forty stripes minus one. Three times I was beaten with rods; once I was stoned; three times I was shipwrecked; a night and a day I have been in the deep; in journeys often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils of my own countrymen, in perils of the Gentiles, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren; in weariness and toil, in sleeplessness often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness–besides the other things, what comes upon me daily: my deep concern for all the churches.

Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who is made to stumble, and I do not burn with indignation? If I must boast, I will boast in the things which concern my infirmity” (2 Corinthians 11:23-30 NLT).

With these things in mind, Paul’s request of the Galatian churches takes on added significance…

“From now on let no one trouble me, for I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus” (Galatians 6:17).

Image Attribution: Raphael, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Romans – Chapter One V

by Ed Urzi December 15, 2025

We can gain a better understanding of Paul the Apostle’s life and ministry by studying the emotional depth of his letters. The profound nature of Paul’s conversion experience might have left him with an attitude of spiritual superiority. However, Paul’s encounter with Jesus on the Damascus road yielded an entirely different result.

Although he possessed a brilliant intellect and held a position of authority, Paul had no difficulty expressing his emotions. For instance, he could be openly appreciative, as shown in the following portion of his Biblical letter to the Philippian church…

“I can do everything through Christ who strengthens me. Nevertheless, it was kind of you to share my troubles” (Philippians 4:13-14 GW).

Paul also expressed his thankfulness to the church at Thessalonica…

“We give thanks to God always for you all, making mention of you in our prayers, remembering without ceasing your work of faith, labor of love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ in the sight of our God and Father” (1 Thessalonians 1:12-3).

In addition, Paul spoke of his deep and abiding regard for two men named Titus and Timothy. For example, Paul referred to Timothy as “my own dearly loved son” (1 Timothy 1:2 Phillips) as well as “a beloved son” (2 Timothy 1:2), while characterizing Titus as, “a true son in the common faith” (Titus 1:4). This was typical of Paul’s ministry, for he clearly developed many close friendships over the course of his life. Consider the following comment to the members of the Corinthian church…

“I was glad about the arrival of Stephanus, Fortunatus, and Achaicus because they have supplied the fellowship with you that I lacked. For they refreshed my spirit and yours. So then, recognize people like this” (1 Corinthians 16:16-18 NET).

In fact, Paul will spend much of the final chapter of Romans conveying greetings to an extensive network of friends and associates. However, this is not to say that Paul was always well-received. He certainly faced his share of adversaries, as reflected in this excerpt from the book of 2 Timothy…

“Alexander the coppersmith did me much harm. May the Lord repay him according to his works. You also must beware of him, for he has greatly resisted our words” (2 Timothy 4:14-15).

Yet even in the face of great opposition, Paul still offered the following expression of encouragement…

“But the Lord stood with me and strengthened me, so that the message might be preached fully through me, and that all the Gentiles might hear. Also I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion. And the Lord will deliver me from every evil work and preserve me for His heavenly kingdom. To Him be glory forever and ever. Amen!” (2 Timothy 4:17-18).

Image Attribution: Guercino, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Romans – Chapter One IV

by Ed Urzi December 12, 2025

Despite his expressed humility, Paul the Apostle did not refrain from correcting spiritual error whenever he encountered it. Whether the subject involved false teaching, the improper use of spiritual gifts, immorality, or other doctrinal matters, Paul moved swiftly to confront doctrinal error. Two excerpts from Paul’s Biblical letters to the church at Corinth serve as a case in point…

“For some say, ‘His letters are weighty and forceful, but in person he is unimpressive and his speaking amounts to nothing.’ Such people should realize that what we are in our letters when we are absent, we will be in our actions when we are present” (2 Corinthians 10:10-11 NIV).

“Some of you have become arrogant, thinking I will not visit you again. But I will come–and soon–if the Lord lets me, and then I’ll find out whether these arrogant people just give pretentious speeches or whether they really have God’s power. For the Kingdom of God is not just a lot of talk; it is living by God’s power. Which do you choose? Should I come with a rod to punish you, or should I come with love and a gentle spirit?” (1 Corinthians 4:18-21 NLT).

Even in matters involving other Apostles, Paul adopted a similar approach…

“But when Peter came to Antioch, I opposed him in public, because he was clearly wrong” (Galatians 2:11 GNT).

But Paul’s best known admonition may be the one directed to the Corinthian church regarding their attitude towards the sacrament of communion…

“In the following directives I have no praise for you, for your meetings do more harm than good. In the first place, I hear that when you come together as a church, there are divisions among you, and to some extent I believe it. No doubt there have to be differences among you to show which of you have God’s approval.

So then, when you come together, it is not the Lord’s Supper you eat, for when you are eating, some of you go ahead with your own private suppers. As a result, one person remains hungry and another gets drunk. Don’t you have homes to eat and drink in? Or do you despise the church of God by humiliating those who have nothing? What shall I say to you? Shall I praise you? Certainly not in this matter!” (1 Corinthians 11:17-22 NIV).

The desire to remain popular or avoid straining relationships may sometimes lead us to suppress criticisms that are warranted and necessary. However, Paul opted to rectify such errors with a blend of loving firmness, even at the risk of offending some.

Romans – Chapter One III

by Ed Urzi December 11, 2025

In his first-century letter to the churches of Galatia (a letter better known today as the Biblical epistle to the Galatians), Paul the Apostle summarized his conversion experience and the basis for his apostolic authority…

“I want you to know, brothers and sisters, that the gospel I preached is not of human origin. I did not receive it from any man, nor was I taught it; rather, I received it by revelation from Jesus Christ. For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism, how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it. I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my own age among my people and was extremely zealous for the traditions of my fathers.

But when God, who set me apart from my mother’s womb and called me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son in me so that I might preach him among the Gentiles, my immediate response was not to consult any human being. I did not go up to Jerusalem to see those who were apostles before I was, but I went into Arabia. Later I returned to Damascus.

Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days. I saw none of the other apostles–only James, the Lord’s brother. I assure you before God that what I am writing you is no lie. Then I went to Syria and Cilicia. I was personally unknown to the churches of Judea that are in Christ. They only heard the report: ‘The man who formerly persecuted us is now preaching the faith he once tried to destroy.’ And they praised God because of me” (Galatians 1:11-24 NIV).

A study of Paul’s life also reveals him to be a complex, yet approachable personality. For instance, Paul demonstrated many of the characteristics of a highly educated individual. He was fluent in at least three major languages of his era (Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek), and displayed a familiarity with the literary figures of his day.

But unlike those who radiate an air of self-importance with respect to their intellectual capabilities, Paul was a man of great humility. Consider the following admissions from a few of Paul’s New Testament letters…

“…for in nothing am I behind the very chiefest apostles, though I be nothing” (2 Corinthians 12:11 KJV).

“But God forbid that I should boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ” (Galatians 6:14).

“I am the least of all God’s people…” (Ephesians 3:8 GW).

“As for human praise, we have never sought it from you or anyone else” (1 Thessalonians 2:6 NLT).

Yet despite these expressions of humility and his desire to find common ground wherever possible, we’ll soon discover that Paul was not reluctant to correct error wherever he encountered it.

Romans – Chapter One II

by Ed Urzi December 10, 2025

The New Testament book of Acts chronicles the account of a man named Saul as he systematically “…began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off both men and women and put them in prison” (Acts 8:3 NIV). However, the following chapter details an encounter that changed Saul’s life and subsequently altered the course of untold numbers of human lives to follow…

“As he journeyed he came near Damascus, and suddenly a light shone around him from heaven. Then he fell to the ground, and heard a voice saying to him, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting Me?’ And he said, ‘Who are You, Lord?’ Then the Lord said, ‘I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting… Then the Lord said to him, ‘Arise and go into the city, and you will be told what you must do'” (Acts 9:3-5, 6).

We’re later told that Paul continued on to Damascus, regained the eyesight he lost during that encounter, and immediately began to preach Jesus as the Messiah. From the moment he first encountered Jesus until the end of his life, Paul consistently displayed the revolutionary impact of that meeting.

For instance, Saul was described as someone who “…kept up his violent threats of murder against the followers of the Lord” (Acts 9:1 GNT) prior to his conversion. But following his Damascus Road experience, Paul freely expressed his love for those he formerly persecuted. While he was occasionally provoked to anger by the actions of others, he was quick to make amends. And even though Paul was unwavering in his faith in Christ, he sought to find common ground with others wherever possible.

Despite the transformative shift in Paul’s life, there was one consistent element that distinguished his pre and post conversion experience: a sense of fervent zeal. While he once preached adherence to the Mosaic law (and zealously persecuted those who abandoned that law to follow Christ), Paul later re-channeled those energies in bringing the message of salvation through faith in Christ to others.

Paul explained that commitment in a letter to the church that met in the ancient city of Corinth…

“For God was in Christ, reconciling the world to himself, no longer counting people’s sins against them. And he gave us this wonderful message of reconciliation. So we are Christ’s ambassadors; God is making his appeal through us. We speak for Christ when we plead, ‘Come back to God!’ For God made Christ, who never sinned, to be the offering for our sin, so that we could be made right with God through Christ” (2 Corinthian 5:19-21 NLT).

Image Attribution: Caravaggio, The Conversion of Saint Paul on the Way to Damascus, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Romans – Chapter One I

by Ed Urzi December 9, 2025

Introduction to Paul the Apostle

The seventh chapter of the Biblical book of Acts details the account of Stephen, the first person to die for his faith in Christ. As Stephen’s executioners led him from the city to face his death, they left their cloaks with a young man named Saul. That seemingly minor detail represents our unlikely introduction to the man who is better known today as Paul the Apostle.

How could someone like Saul, a man who once sanctioned the murder of Christians, grow to become the author of the Epistle to the Romans and a minimum of twelve other New Testament books? How could someone who once “laid waste the church” became such an influential figure that one commentator has remarked, “Apart from Jesus Christ, St. Paul is the greatest figure in the history of Christianity.” (1) The answer is that Saul is someone who may best exemplify the transformative power of a genuine encounter with Christ.

Saul was born in the ancient city of Tarsus, likely during the early years of the first century. Tarsus was a prominent city in the region of Cilicia, a place that was distinguished by its commitment to higher learning. He was a man of Jewish heritage from the tribe of Benjamin who also held a Roman citizenship. Thus, he bore the Roman name Paul in addition to his birth name.

As a youth, Saul studied under a rabbi named Gamaliel, a member of the Jewish high council who was a respected leader and Old Testament scholar. In fact, Saul was so proficient in his study of the Old Testament law that he once made the following declaration: “I advanced in Judaism beyond many contemporaries among my people, because I was extremely zealous for the traditions of my ancestors” (Galatians 1:14 CSB).

A brief passage in an apocryphal 2nd century document is the only traditional description we have of Saul’s physical appearance. That text is known as The Acts of Paul and Thecla and it describes Saul as, “…a man of little stature, thin-haired upon the head, crooked in the legs, of good state of body, with eyebrows meeting, and with nose somewhat hooked…” (2)

Saul’s zeal for the traditions of his ancestors was such that he embarked on a self-appointed quest to apprehend and incarcerate those who professed their faith in Christ. To further that objective, he sought letters of recommendation for presentation to the synagogues in the city of Damascus to facilitate the arrest of any Christians found living there.

But as he was on the way, Saul had an encounter that has influenced untold numbers of lives and continues to do so today.

Image Attribution: User:Alecmconroy, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
(1) McNeile, A. H. (1920). St. Paul: his life, letters, and Christian doctrine. Introduction, pg. IX https://archive.org/details/stpaulhislifelet0000mcne/page/n5/mode/2up

(2) Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Apocrypha of the New Testament/Acts of Paul and Thecla (1.7) – Wikisource, the free online library. (n.d.) . https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_VIII/Apocrypha_of_the_New_Testament/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla , quoted in Barclay, William. “Commentary on 2 Corinthians 10”. “William Barclay’s Daily Study Bible”. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/dsb/2-corinthians-10.html. 1956-1959.

Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two IX

by Ed Urzi December 8, 2025

In Revelation 22:20, we encounter the Bible’s final recorded statement from Jesus…

“He who testifies to these things says, ‘Surely I am coming quickly.’ Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus! The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen” (Revelation 22:20-21).

So what did Jesus choose to share as His final message? Well, those last words are, “Surely I am coming quickly.” In fact, this is the third time He has spoken this same message in the concluding chapter of this book (the other two instances appear in verses seven and twelve). This is something that should command our attention, for a repetitive statement usually indicates that someone is seeking to emphasize a point.

For instance, we might respond to a suggested course of action with a simple “no.” Or, we might express our strong aversion to that idea by replying, “no, no, no.” That latter response employs a repetitive statement to make a point, and it’s possible that Jesus has taken a similar approach here in the last chapter of Revelation. But if that is the case, then why would He do so?

One answer relates to how easily we can become absorbed by the seemingly endless array of obligations, responsibilities, and “to-do” lists that accompany the grind of daily life. The stresses of everyday living may obscure the fact that this life only represents a small portion of our existence. For instance, how would our lives differ if we acted on these messages from Revelation 22:7, 22:12, and 22:20? How might things change if we pursued a mindset that aligned with Revelation 22:12: “‘Listen!’ says Jesus. ‘I am coming soon! I will bring my rewards with me, to give to each one according to what he has done'” (GNT).

These verses also remind us that Jesus is certain to show up unexpectedly in the lives of those who fail to look for Him. Therefore, we should seek to cultivate an attitude and lifestyle that honors God and awaits Christ’s return whenever it may occur. In the meantime, Jesus presents us with an opportunity to make a difference in a world that desperately needs it. Thus, we should endeavor to take advantage of those opportunities in light of this cautionary message from Revelation 22:20.

Since we don’t know what the future holds, we should live with the expectation of Christ’s return, and plan as if God will grant us the blessing of a long, good life. And with that, we will close our time in the book of Revelation with the benediction of the final verse…

“May the grace of the Lord Jesus be with you all” (Mounce).

Image Attribution: Make a difference by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0 Pix4free

Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two VIII

by Ed Urzi December 5, 2025

“I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book” (Revelation 22:18-19 ESV).

There’s an interesting nuance in these verses that may be easy to miss. Notice that Revelation 22:18 references “…the prophecy of this book” while the following verse speaks of “…the book of this prophecy.” Although theses references are similar, they are not identical. That should prompt us to dig a little deeper into these verses to see if there is any significance to those differences.

For instance, it seems that verse eighteen references the book of Revelation, while the following verse speaks of the Bible in its entirety. In other words, “the prophecy of this book” directs our attention to the book of Revelation itself. The following reference to “the book of this prophecy” encompasses the sixty-six books of the Biblical Scriptures.

While readers are free to draw their own conclusions, the fundamental message seems clear: do not add or subtract from God’s Word. Unfortunately, there is seemingly no end to those who have sought to augment or “correct” God’s Word throughout the ages. This offers an opportunity to reiterate three Biblical tenets mentioned earlier in our look at Revelation chapter eleven…

“Test everything. Hold on to the good…” (1 Thessalonians 5:21-22 NIV).

“Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits, whether they are of God; because many false prophets have gone out into the world” (1 John 4:1).

”Every word of God is flawless; he is a shield to those who take refuge In him. Do not add to his words, or he will rebuke-you and prove you a liar” (Proverbs 30:5-6 NIV).

With this in mind, it’s important to remember that the Biblical book of Revelation has challenged students and commentators for centuries. Despite the wide variety of theories and opinions surrounding this book, every person who engages with this portion of Scripture shares a common obligation: we must avoid any attempt to negate it, supplement it, or modify it to suit our preferences. The same holds true for the rest of the Biblical Scriptures. Those who attempt to do so are subject to the terrible penalties described here in the closing verses of chapter twenty-two.

Image Attribution: Pepin von Roojen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two VII

by Ed Urzi December 4, 2025

“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you these things in the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the Bright and Morning Star” (Revelation 22:16).

While the book of Revelation contains many challenging passages, it is not a book that is reserved for a select group of readers who possess some form of special knowledge. Instead, it is given to “the churches.” And just as we read earlier in Revelation chapter one, “Blessed is the one who reads the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear it and take to heart what is written in it, because the time is near” (Revelation 1:3).

That brings to the last five verses of the book of Revelation…

“And the Spirit and the bride say, ‘Come!’ And let him who hears say, ‘Come!’ And let him who thirsts come. Whoever desires, let him take the water of life freely.

For I testify to everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: If anyone adds to these things, God will add to him the plagues that are written in this book; and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the Book of Life, from the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book.

He who testifies to these things says, ‘Surely I am coming quickly.’ Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus! The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen” (Revelation 22:17-21).

Just as the Spirit of God appeared in the opening verses of the first Biblical book, He now appears once again in the closing verses of the last Biblical book. In addition to what we read here in Revelation 22: 17, Jesus spoke of the Spirit’s continuing ministry in the Gospel of John when He said, “…when he has come he will convince the world of its sin, and of the availability of God’s goodness, and of deliverance from judgment” (John 16:8 TLB).

Earlier in Revelation nineteen, we also encountered the imagery of a bride who “…was given fine linen to wear, bright and pure. For the fine linen represents the righteous acts of the saints” (Revelation 19:8 HCSB). So, these passages portray God’s people as a bride, while the marriage relationship symbolizes the privileged, intimate relationship that Christ seeks to enjoy with His people.

Here, the Holy Spirit joins together with the bride of Christ to present God’s gracious invitation to eternal life: “…Let those who are thirsty come! Let those who want the water of life take it as a gift” (GW).

Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two VI

by Ed Urzi December 3, 2025

“I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End, the First and the Last” (Revelation 22:13).

Jesus makes use of a familiar, self-descriptive term here in Revelation 22:13: “Alpha and the Omega…” An identical self-description appears in Revelation chapter one in advance of Jesus’ letters to the seven churches of chapters two and three. So, this passage reminds us that Jesus is the A to Z, the beginning and end, and the First and Last of everything that encompasses our lives. As such, it is fitting that this self-identification appears in the first and last chapters of this book.

“Blessed are those who do His commandments, that they may have the right to the tree of life, and may enter through the gates into the city. But outside are dogs and sorcerers and sexually immoral and murderers and idolaters, and whoever loves and practices a lie” (Revelation 22:14-15).

Although people in the New Testament era sometimes kept dogs as household pets, society commonly viewed them as scavengers and pests. As such, people did not regard dogs as “man’s best friend” during that period. This led to the use of the word “dog” as a derogatory term to describe an offensive individual. It also recalls the cautionary message regarding the city of God that appeared earlier in Revelation chapter twenty-one: “…nothing that is impure will enter the city, nor anyone who does shameful things or tells lies. Only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s book of the living will enter the city” (Revelation 21:27 GNT).

Several other practices that appeared in the previous chapter of Revelation are reiterated here as well…

  • Sorcerers. This involves those who engage in occultic practices or the ritualistic use of drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness.
  • The sexually immoral. The Biblical model for marital unions involves a monogamous relationship between a genetic male and a genetic female. Relationships that fall outside that standard are broadly associated with the term “sexual immorality.”
  • Murderers. Murder refers to the unlawful taking of another person’s life, an act that violates the sixth Commandment.
  • Idolaters. We can define an idol as anything that supplants God’s place in our lives.
  • Whoever loves and practices a lie. “Lying” involves an attempt to deceive by falsehood. Since “truth” can be defined as “that which corresponds to reality,” lying is incompatible with the God of truth. Those who engage in such practices exclude themselves from an eternal home with Christ, who is “…the way, the truth, and the life” (John 14:6).

It is no accident that this list of sinful behaviors appears in each of the last two chapters of the final book of the Bible. With this in mind, we should prayerfully ensure that none of these practices enter our lives.

Image Attributions: Trlkly, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons  /  Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two V

by Ed Urzi December 2, 2025

“And he said to me, ‘Do not seal the words of the prophecy of this book, for the time is at hand'” (Revelation 22:10).

The Book of Revelation is a literary work that speaks to every human generation. Whether the events of this book are relatively close to fulfillment or reserved for the distant future, we can say that “…the time is at hand ” for everyone in some respect.

You see, human mortality is a subject we’d often prefer to avoid. But even though we hope to enjoy long and fulfilling lives, there is no guarantee that we will be blessed with the opportunity to welcome another sunrise tomorrow. Once we have passed into eternity, there is no further hope of returning to our mortal lives to rectify past mistakes or finish those tasks we neglected during our earthly sojourn. Therefore, our window of opportunity is limited to the present, and we would do well to remember the words of Revelation 22:10: “…the time is near” (GW).

“He who is unjust, let him be unjust still; he who is filthy, let him be filthy still; he who is righteous, let him be righteous still; he who is holy, let him be holy still” (Revelation 22:11).

So what are we to make of this rather enigmatic passage? Well, the way we respond to the book of Revelation tells us much about about ourselves. For instance, a person who seeks to follow the God of the Scriptures will surely respond differently to this book than someone who rejects Him. Thus, as one commentator observes, “By this he does not mean that men should remain unmoved by the prophecies of this book, but rather that if the prophecies are rejected, there is no other message that will work. If the warnings of this book are not sufficient, there is no more that God has to say.” (1)

“And behold, I am coming quickly, and My reward is with Me, to give to every one according to his work” (Revelation 22:12).

This verse contains some of the last recorded words of Christ, and the message Jesus interjects here in Revelation 22:12 is something that applies to everyone. For example, Jesus makes an important promise to those who follow Him today: “I am returning soon and I am bringing your reward.” However, He makes that same promise to those who are hostile, ambivalent, or disinterested in Him as well.

Those rewards will be very different, for He will “…repay all people according to their deeds” (NLT). Since Romans 6:23 tells us, “…the wages of sin is death,” we would be wise to consider our response to that promise and take Jesus at His word.

(1) Walvoord, J. F. (1966). The Revelation of Jesus Christ: A Commentary, Moody Press. p.334.

Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two IV

by Ed Urzi December 1, 2025

“Now I, John, saw and heard these things. And when I heard and saw, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel who showed me these things. Then he said to me, ‘See that you do not do that. For I am your fellow servant, and of your brethren the prophets, and of those who keep the words of this book. Worship God'” (Revelation 22:8-9).

Our text from Revelation 22:8-9 contains several insights that merit careful consideration. We can begin with the actions taken by John, the author of Revelation. If John’s response to this angelic being seems familiar, it might stem from a similar error he made earlier…

“And the angel said to me, ‘Write this: Blessed are those who are invited to the marriage supper of the Lamb.’ And he said to me, ‘These are the true words of God.’ Then I fell down at his feet to worship him, but he said to me, ‘You must not do that! I am a fellow servant with you and your brothers who hold to the testimony of Jesus. Worship God. For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy'” (Revelation 19:9-10).

John’s experience highlights the value of learning from our mistakes. But simply recognizing a mistake does not guarantee that we will avoid repeating it. Instead, we should seek God’s help in recognizing those patterns that may cause us to repeat unhealthy behaviors. If we fail to do so, we may end up replicating those same mistakes, just as John did here. We can break that cycle if we humbly and prayerfully seek God’s empowerment to guide our decision-making responsibilities each day.

This passage also reminds us that God’s people are not immune to serious judgmental errors. In this instance, John received a divine revelation and failed to respond appropriately. This portion of Scripture thus provides us with a contemporary principle that we can apply today: if God grants us insight into the people and circumstances around us, we have a corresponding obligation to glorify God and act responsibly upon that information.

Finally, we should remember that spiritual leaders (even prominent ones such as John), are fallible human beings who are vulnerable to error. In such instances, the following passage from Galatians 6:1 should guide our response…

“Brothers and sisters, if a person is discovered in some sin, you who are spiritual restore such a person in a spirit of gentleness. Pay close attention to yourselves, so that you are not tempted too” (NET).

Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two III

by Ed Urzi November 28, 2025

“There will be no more night. They will not need the light of a lamp or the light of the sun, for the Lord God will give them light. And they will reign for ever and ever” (Revelation 22:5 NIV).

So, what will there be to govern in eternity? To address that question, let’s return to the Garden of Eden and the era that preceded humanity’s fall. Genesis 2:15 details Adam’s responsibility during that period: “The LORD God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it.”

This passage tells us that God entrusted Adam with the responsibility to manage and care for the Garden of Eden before he fell from his state of perfection. Adam thus reigned over the Garden through God’s decree. In like manner, Revelation 22:5 may reference a similar oversight responsibility in respect to the “…new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells” (2 Peter 3:13). In that sense, we can say that we shall reign forever.

“Then he said to me, ‘These words are faithful and true.’ And the Lord God of the holy prophets sent His angel to show His servants the things which must shortly take place. ‘Behold, I am coming quickly! Blessed is he who keeps the words of the prophecy of this book'” (Revelation 22:6-7).

These promises come from the most trustworthy source possible: “…the Lord God of the holy prophets.” Revelation 22:7 then continues with the words of Christ: “Look, I am coming soon! Blessed is the one who keeps the words of the prophecy of this book” (CSB). Yet, given the period of time that has elapsed since Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection, some may object to the statement, “I am coming soon!”

This recalls a similar question addressed earlier in Revelation chapter three, where Jesus gave the following message to the Biblical church of Philadelphia: “I am coming soon. Hold on to what you have, so that no one will take your crown” (Revelation 3:11). As mentioned previously, the word translated “soon” can mean “without delay.” However, the definition of this work also includes “by surprise” or “suddenly” as well. (1)

So when Jesus says, “I am coming soon,” we might understand this to mean that He will return unexpectedly. So whether Jesus returns to inaugurate a new historical era for humanity or simply returns for us at the end of our mortal lives, blessed is the one “…who pays heed to the words of the prophecy in this book” (Phillips).

Image Attribution: The SVG Effect, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

(1) G5035 – tachy – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g5035/kjv/tr/0-1/

Revelation – Chapter Twenty-Two II

by Ed Urzi November 27, 2025

“through the middle of the street of the city; also, on either side of the river, the tree of life with its twelve kinds of fruit, yielding its fruit each month. The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations” (Revelation 22:2 ESV).

While there was a punitive aspect to God’s decision to banish Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden, we should not overlook another facet of that judgment. By prohibiting access to the Tree of Life within the Garden, God eliminated the possibility that humanity might partake of that tree and remain perpetually estranged from Him. So, that decision contained an element of mercy as well.

However, the chain of events that started with that first act of disobedience will finally reach its end, for Revelation 22:3 declares, “…there shall be no more curse.” Genesis 3:16-19 defined several characteristics of that curse, including sorrow, pain, strenuous labor with minimal return, and death. But once God lifts that curse, His people will enjoy life as it was meant to be.

Revelation 22:3 also says, “the throne of God and of the Lamb will be in the city, and his servants will serve him.” Unlike the caricature of heaven where the people of God float among the clouds while strumming harps, the word “servant” implies “service.” The implication is that there will be things to do in eternity. While we can only speculate on what form that service will take, we will undoubtedly find many ways to serve God, along with the satisfaction and enjoyment of doing so.

Verse four then continues by saying, “They will see his face…” While there is much we can learn about people we’ve never met, there is no substitute for an in-person encounter with those we seek to know better. The Living Bible paraphrase of 1 Corinthians 13:12 offers the following insight with respect to this idea…

“…we can see and understand only a little about God now, as if we were peering at his reflection in a poor mirror; but someday we are going to see him in his completeness, face to face. Now all that I know is hazy and blurred, but then I will see everything clearly…”

Next comes a rather cryptic reference: “…his name will be on their foreheads.” Just as a furrowed brow often serves to express our inner thought process, this reference to one’s forehead may be symbolic of our internal mindset. Thus, we can say that our thoughts, our character, and our individual personalities will find their identity in the God who created us.

Revelation 22:5 then concludes by saying, “And they will reign for ever and ever.” So what opportunities to reign await in the boundless expanse of eternity? We’ll consider the answer to that question next.

Image Attribution: Adam and Eve Leave the Garden, CC BY-NC 2.0, pcstratman, via flickr.com disclaimer notice

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