While the book of Revelation is filled with apocalyptic imagery, it also tells us that God will make a concerted effort to reach humanity in that future period. Those efforts will include two dedicated witnesses, 144,000 others from the tribes of Israel, and an “…angel flying in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach to those who dwell on the earth” (Revelation 14:6). So, while much of the world may seem bleak and hopeless, God will not abandon His efforts to reconcile the members of the human family to Himself during that time.

“And another angel followed, saying, ‘Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she has made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication.’

Then a third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, ‘If anyone worships the beast and his image, and receives his mark on his forehead or on his hand, he himself shall also drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out full strength into the cup of His indignation. He shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb. And the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever; and they have no rest day or night, who worship the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name.’

Here is the patience of the saints; here are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus. Then I heard a voice from heaven saying to me, ‘Write: “‘Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from now on.'” ‘Yes’ says the Spirit, ‘that they may rest from their labors, and their works follow them'” (Revelation 14:8-13).

This portion of Scripture marks the first appearance of the word “Babylon” in the book of Revelation. We’ll delve deeper into Babylon’s significance later in chapters seventeen and eighteen. But for now, we can associate “Babylon” with a system of beliefs and practices that actively seek to defy God’s authority throughout the religious, political, and economic realms.

Revelation 14:8-11 then follows with a list of terrifying consequences for “Those who worship the beast and its image and receive the mark on their forehead or on their hand” (GNT)…

• They “…will drink the wine of God’s fury” (NIV).
• “poured out full strength into the cup of His indignation.”
• “[They] will be tormented with fire and brimstone (flaming sulfur)” (AMP).
• “the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever” (ESV).
• “they will have no relief day or night, for they have worshiped the beast and his statue and have accepted the mark of his name” (NLT).

So those who accept the mark of God’s adversary in light of these warnings will ultimately bear the consequences of their decision.

Image Attribution: Babylon Cinema, Montecruz Foto (CC BY-SA 2.0)

“‘He said in a loud voice, ‘Fear God and give him glory, for the hour of his judgment has come. Worship the one who made heaven and earth, the sea and springs of water'” (Revelation 14:7 CEB).

This angelic pronouncement here in Revelation 14:7 is brief, but contains some helpful insights for those who are willing to consider this passage carefully. For example, this verse references the hour of God’s judgment. While “judgment” is a subject we often prefer to avoid, we should be aware that the Scriptures speak of two different types of judicial actions that will take place in the future.

One of those judicial actions has come to be known as the “Great White Throne Judgment” of the unrighteous dead that will appear later in Revelation 20:11-15…

“Then I saw a great white throne and Him who sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away. And there was found no place for them. And I saw the dead, small and great, standing before God, and books were opened. And another book was opened, which is the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their works, by the things which were written in the books” (Revelation 20:11-12),

This passage tells us that “…the dead, both small and great” will undergo this judicial review. This descriptive phrase tells us that social prominence, peer recognition, power, wealth, or status will have no impact upon that call to judgment. You see, who we are now will not matter in that eternal court; the critical factor will be what we are now.

On the other hand, God’s people will face a different type of judgment. That judicial proceeding will feature Jesus’ testimony as mentioned earlier in Revelation 3:5: “He who overcomes shall be clothed in white garments, and I will not blot out his name from the Book of Life; but I will confess his name before My Father and before His angels” (see also John 6:37-39, John 10:27-28, and Romans 8:33-39).

With this in mind, we may take comfort in the fact that God will not judge His people on the question of their salvation; instead, they will be called to account for how they used the skills, talents, abilities, gifts, and opportunities He provides for them now. As 2 Corinthians 5:10 reminds us, “…we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that each one may receive what is due him for the things done while in the body, whether good or bad” (NIV).

Thus we would do well to heed the reminder given to us in Proverbs 5:21: “God is closely watching you, and he weighs carefully everything you do” (TLB).

“And he said with a loud voice, ‘Fear God and give him glory, because the hour of his judgment has come, and worship him who made heaven and earth, the sea and the springs of water'” (Revelation 14:7 ESV).

Consider the message proclaimed by the angel who appears here in Revelation 14:7: “Fear God… give him glory… his judgment has come… Worship him.” In modern usage, the word “fear” typically denotes a sense of apprehension characterized by feelings of worry and unease about potential threats or negative outcomes. However, this word is also is used to convey the qualities of reverence, honor, and respect.

For example, notice how Jesus employed the word “fear” in the Gospel of Luke…

“I tell you, my friends, do not be afraid of those who kill the body and after that can do no more. But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear him who, after your body has been killed, has authority to throw you into hell. Yes, I tell you, fear him” (Luke 12:4-5 NIV).

We should note how Jesus separated the words “afraid” and “fear” in this passage: “…do not be afraid of those who kill the body” and, “…Fear Him who, after He has killed, has power to cast into hell.” When we speak of “fearing God” in this manner, it means that we should honor and respect Him above all else. Perhaps this is why Proverbs 9:10 tells us, “The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom, And the knowledge of the Holy One is understanding.”

Nevertheless, we should avoid the mistaken belief that there is nothing to be afraid of when it comes to our relationship with the Almighty. While God is loving, slow to anger, kind, gracious, and compassionate, He also merits our respect and honor. Those who decline to treat Him in that manner should remember that, “It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God” (Hebrews 10:31).

That being said, there is no cause for apprehension when we approach God through Christ, for “…there is one God and one Mediator between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus” (1 Timothy 2:5). There, we will find love and acceptance through His atoning sacrifice on our behalf. Thus, as we read in the Biblical book of Hebrews, “Let us then approach God’s throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need” (Hebrews 4:16 NIV).

“Then I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach to those who dwell on the earth to every nation, tribe, tongue, and people–saying with a loud voice, ‘Fear God and give glory to Him, for the hour of His judgment has come; and worship Him who made heaven and earth, the sea and springs of water.’ And another angel followed, saying, ‘Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she has made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication’ (Revelation 14:6-8).

Here in Revelation 14:6-8, God mobilizes two members of His celestial air force to execute the next stage of his counter-offensive. The first angel referenced in this passage had a specific message to deliver: “…the eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the earth” (NIV). We’ll consider the second angel’s pronouncement regarding “Babylon” in a later study.

As mentioned in our earlier look at Revelation chapter two, the word “angel” relates to the idea of a messenger in the original Biblical languages. Thus, we can say that angels serve as representatives or emissaries for God. We can find one such example in Luke 1:5-38. That portion of Scripture recounts the angel Gabriel’s announcement regarding the imminent births of John the Baptist and Jesus. Genesis 19:1-29, 1 Kings 19:1-8, and Luke 2:8–15 offer some additional examples.

The word “gospel” signifies “good news.” This speaks to the liberating truth that we can escape the eternal punishment of sin and establish a relationship with God through faith in Christ. Two passages from the New Testament books of Romans and 1 John show us the way…

“…if you confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus and believe in your heart that God has raised Him from the dead, you will be saved” (Romans 10:9).

“If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness” (1 John 1:9).

In contrast to other spiritual beliefs that focus on human merit, Christianity is not based on the works we must perform to earn God’s favor. Instead, Christianity centers upon God’s redemption through Christ, offering salvation as an unearned gift of grace. Therefore, Acts 4:12 says the following in speaking of Jesus: “There is salvation in no one else. Under all heaven there is no other name for men to call upon to save them” (TLB).

Through his sacrificial death on the cross, Jesus overcomes the chasm between God’s holiness and human sinfulness, freeing humanity from the eternal consequences of sin (see 1 Peter 2:24).

“Then I looked, and behold, on Mount Zion stood the Lamb, and with him 144,000 who had his name and his Father’s name written on their foreheads” (Revelation 14:1 ESV).

So unlike those who accepted “…the mark or the name of the beast, or the number of his name” (Revelation 13:17), the 144,000 referenced here in Revelation 14:1 carried the mark of their Creator. Thus, they stand in stark contrast to those who openly rebelled against Him by taking the mark of His adversary.

In addition to their sexual purity, Revelation 14:4 offers another characteristic quality that described these individuals: “…they follow the Lamb wherever he leads” (CEV). So, these were people who looked to Jesus and followed His direction for their lives. They took that responsibility seriously, especially in view of Jesus’ repeated exhortations to “follow me” as recorded within the gospel accounts of His life. As Jesus Himself once said, “My sheep listen to my voice; I know them, and they follow me” (John 10:27 NLT).

Revelation 14:4 next refers to their status as, “…firstfruits to God and to the Lamb” (NET). The term “firstfruits” denotes the first and best portion of a flock or harvest. That share was consecrated to God as a gesture of worship and thanksgiving (Exodus 23:19). God’s people continue to affirm this principle today whenever they give the first and best of their time, talent, and financial resources to God in gratitude and appreciation for His blessings.

To illustrate the importance of this concept, consider God’s message through the Old Testament prophet Malachi to those who presented Him with the “leftovers” of their lives…

“’A son honors his father, a servant honors his master. I am your Father and Master, yet you don’t honor me, O priests, but you despise my name.’

‘Who? Us?’ you say. ‘When did we ever despise your name?’

When you offer polluted sacrifices on my altar.

‘Polluted sacrifices? When have we ever done a thing like that?’

Every time you say, ‘Don’t bother bringing anything very valuable to offer to God!’ You tell the people, ‘Lame animals are all right to offer on the altar of the Lord—yes, even the sick and the blind ones.’ And you claim this isn’t evil? Try it on your governor sometime—give him gifts like that—and see how pleased he is!

‘God have mercy on us,’ you recite; ‘God be gracious to us!’ But when you bring that kind of gift, why should he show you any favor at all?” (Malachi 1:6-9 TLB).

Therefore, we should ensure that we do not offer God our second best, for He is worthy of our finest efforts.

Image Attribution: Currier & Ives. (ca. 1872) Honor the Lord with thy substance and with the first fruits of all thine increase. , ca. 1872. New York: Published by Currier & Ives. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2002695910/.

Revelation chapter thirteen proved to be a rather disheartening stop on our journey through this book. In that portion of Scripture, we watched as the dragon (who was earlier identified as Satan) aligned with two individuals who have come to be known as the antichrist and the false prophet.

Revelation 13:13 tells us that the false prophet performed great and miraculous signs, even causing fire to come down from heaven to earth in full view of earth’s inhabitants. Furthermore, “He required everyone—small and great, rich and poor, free and slave—to be given a mark on the right hand or on the forehead. And no one could buy or sell anything without that mark, which was either the name of the beast or the number representing his name” (Revelation 13:16-17 NLT).

But while chapter thirteen painted a grim portrait, chapter fourteen shifts our narrative to God’s perspective. There is only one force in the universe who can oppose these great spiritual adversaries, and that is God Himself. Here, in chapter fourteen, we will witness the beginning of God’s earthly counteroffensive against those demonic forces…

“Then I looked, and behold, a Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with Him one hundred and forty-four thousand, having His Father’s name written on their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven, like the voice of many waters, and like the voice of loud thunder. And I heard the sound of harpists playing their harps.

They sang as it were a new song before the throne, before the four living creatures, and the elders; and no one could learn that song except the hundred and forty-four thousand who were redeemed from the earth. These are the ones who were not defiled with women, for they are virgins. These are the ones who follow the Lamb wherever He goes. These were redeemed from among men, being firstfruits to God and to the Lamb. And in their mouth was found no deceit, for they are without fault before the throne of God” (Revelation 14:1-5).

The “Lamb” is an obvious reference to Jesus, who is identified as “…The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29). However, we should note that the Lamb is not alone, for there are hundred and forty-four thousand others who accompany Him. We first encountered this group earlier in Revelation chapter seven where they were called “servants of God.”

These individuals once resided on earth, but now they are residents of heaven along with their Savior. And as we’ll see, this is a group of people who possess some very special characteristics.

“And he requires everyone—small and great, rich and poor, free and slave—to be given a mark on his right hand or on his forehead, so that no one can buy or sell unless he has the mark: the beast’s name or the number of his name. Here is wisdom: The one who has understanding must calculate the number of the beast, because it is the number of a man. His number is 666” (Revelation 13:16-18 HCSB).

The placement of this mark on the right hand or forehead is probably not coincidental. For instance, the Old Testament book of Deuteronomy may shed light on the factors that influenced these specific locations…

“Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one. Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength. These commandments that I give you today are to be upon your hearts. Impress them on your children. Talk about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down and when you get up. Tie them as symbols on your hands and bind them on your foreheads” (Deuteronomy 6:4-8 NIV).

We can view this reference to “the hands” as an allusion to the activities of our lives. In a similar manner, the word “forehead” can be used to represent our thought life. So, in practical terms, this passage tells us that God’s Word should influence our thoughts and deeds. However, Revelation 13:16-17 presents us with a grotesque parody of that command, for the false prophet will use this mark to gain control over every form of commercial interaction.

This is followed by one of the most famous verses in the Bible: “This calls for wisdom: let the one who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man, and his number is 666” (Revelation 13:18 ESV). One popular theory regarding this individual is that the numeric value of his name will add up to 666. But much like the mark of the beast mentioned earlier, this passage has led to many conjectures and speculations, some of which are reasonable, and others much less so.

Thus, we should not allow fear and superstition to influence our response to this number whenever we encounter it in its various forms. Our text from this passage simply provides us with the following information: some aspect of this individual’s existence will calculate to a value of 666. Thus, we should add this factor to the list of identifying traits given to us here in Revelation chapter thirteen.

Image Attribution: Ceescamel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

“He causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their foreheads, and that no one may buy or sell except one who has the mark or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is 666” (Revelation 13:16-18).

As mentioned at the beginning of our look at this chapter, we can divide Revelation thirteen into three sections. Verses one to ten discussed the blasphemous political climate that will characterize that era. Verses eleven to fifteen described the godless religious structure of that period. The last section (covered here in verses sixteen to eighteen) will lift the veil on the anti-God economic system that will dominate that age.

Most people (even the non-religious or spiritually indifferent) are likely to have a passing familiarity with certain elements of this passage. Verse sixteen serves as a case in point: “The beast forced all the people, small and great, rich and poor, slave and free, to have a mark placed on their right hands or on their foreheads” (GNT).

Before we consider this reference at greater length, let’s examine the meaning of the word “mark” as it appears in our text. In the original language of this passage, this word conveys the image of a stamp or imprint. ₍₁₎ With this information in mind, it appears this mark will involve a label on one’s skin for identification purposes. This has led to many theories, conjectures, and speculations, some of which are well-informed, and others that are less so.

Those theories range from radio frequency identification (RFID) implantations and bar codes, to various types of symbols. Then there are other, less credulous views that involve corporate entities, medical procedures, or different forms of technology. At best, some of the more outlandish theories regarding this passage appear to be nothing more than thinly veiled efforts to generate internet page views for profit. At worst, they bring discredit upon God’s Word and provoke unnecessary fear and speculation among those who are spiritually naïve.

While there is much we don’t know about this mark, there are some things we can say with certainty. First, this will be a global initiative that will be mandatory for everyone, regardless of their socioeconomic status. In addition, this mark does not appear to represent a form of currency, for it allows (or authorizes) users to buy and sell. Finally, the mark is the name of the beast, or the number of his name, and will appear on one’s right hand or forehead.

(1) G5480 – charagma – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g5480/kjv/tr/0-1/

“He exercised all the ruling authority of the first beast on his behalf, and made the earth and those who inhabit it worship the first beast, the one whose lethal wound had been healed” (Revelation 13:12 NET).

Revelation 13:11 offered a brief character sketch of the beast who arose from the earth. Now that character sketch is followed by a job description in the passage quoted above. Here, we find that he will not only exercise political authority, but will also play a key role in transforming the world’s view of the antichrist from a powerful governmental leader to a religious figure to be worshipped.

One method he will use to achieve that objective appears in Revelation 13:13: “He did astounding miracles, even making fire flash down to earth from the sky while everyone was watching” (NLT). This miraculous ability invites a comparison to the events described in Exodus chapter seven. That portion of Scripture recounts Moses’ appearance before Pharaoh, the ancient king of Egypt. God provided Moses with several miraculous signs to validate his calling, but Pharaoh’s magicians were able to duplicate those miracles, at least to a point.

These past and future examples remind us that “miraculous events” do not offer conclusive evidence to prove that someone’s message originates with God. In fact, the New Testament book of 1 Timothy tells us, “Now the Spirit expressly says that in later times some will depart from the faith by devoting themselves to deceitful spirits and teachings of demons, through the insincerity of liars whose consciences are seared” (1 Timothy 4:1-2 ESV).

Thus, we may fall prey to deception if we fail to measure a speaker’s alleged miracles against the authoritative text of Scripture. For instance, the false prophet referenced here in Revelation chapter thirteen will fool others so badly that they will willingly obey his directive to erect an image of the antichrist who first appeared in Revelation 13:1…

“And he deceives those who dwell on the earth–by those signs which he was granted to do in the sight of the beast, telling those who dwell on the earth to make an image to the beast who was wounded by the sword and lived. He was granted power to give breath to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak and cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed” (Revelation 13:14-15).

This may allude to some form of artificial intelligence or similar technological advancement. But whatever it refers to, everyone on earth will worship this image at the risk of death. This brings us to one of the most controversial passages in all Scripture, a passage that will form the basis of our next study.

“Then I saw another beast rising out of the earth. It had two horns like a lamb and it spoke like a dragon” (Revelation 13:11 ESV).

The false prophet who arises here in Revelation 13:11 serves to illustrate a truth that underlies an ancient adage: “looks can be deceiving.” This individual may bear some of the characteristics of a lamb, but his “…voice was like that of the dragon” (NLV). This should prompt us to consider two of Jesus’ messages from the gospel of Matthew.

In one exchange with the religious establishment of His day, Jesus directed His listeners to a fundamental spiritual truth: “…Your mouth says what comes from inside you” (Matthew 12:34 GW). Thus, our words, like fingerprints, eventually reveal who we are. In this instance, the beast who arises in the latter portion of Revelation chapter thirteen “…spoke like a dragon.” That quality pointed to his internal alignment with “the great dragon… called the Devil and Satan” (Revelation 12:9). Thus, the things he says will give away his true intent.

Jesus also gave us the following admonition in Matthew 7:15-20…

“Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous wolves. You will know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes from thornbushes or figs from thistles? Even so, every good tree bears good fruit, but a bad tree bears bad fruit. A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. Therefore by their fruits you will know them.”

This serves as an excellent designation for the beast who appears in Revelation 13:11 and helps explain why he has come to be known as the false prophet. The words he speaks, and the fruit produced by his works will bear the hallmarks of our spiritual adversary, no matter how benign he may appear. With this in mind, we can say that the message of our text from this passage transcends the events of a seemingly distant future. It also reminds us of the need to exercise diligence when evaluating the teachings we encounter today.

All false prophets (both ancient and modern) will find their culmination in the being who emerges here in verse eleven. Therefore, as we’re told in the New Testament book of 1 John, “Dearly loved friends, don’t always believe everything you hear just because someone says it is a message from God: test it first to see if it really is” (TLB).

“If anyone has an ear, let him hear” (Revelation 13:9).

Revelation 13:9 offers a familiar admonition to readers of this book. In His earlier letters to the seven churches of Revelation chapters two and three, Jesus repeated the following cautionary message: “He who has an ear, let him hear.” That message reappears here in verse nine as a warning to avoid the mistake of abandoning the Creator to worship a blasphemous substitute.

“He who leads into captivity shall go into captivity; he who kills with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints” (Revelation 13:10).

As this future era unfolds, the people of God will face intense pressure to abandon their faith in God amidst the pervasive evil that will characterize that period. They will also have to hold to God’s promise of a future world where righteousness dwells despite the apparent triumph of evil over good. Nevertheless, this is something that has always held true for God’s people.

For instance, we may look at the grievous events that occur within our world and ask, “Where is God in this?” Those harsh realities call for “…steadfast endurance and faith from the saints” (NET) whenever they take place. As the Biblical book of Romans reminds us, “…God will reward each of us according to what we have done” (GNT). Thus, we can rest assured that God give people whatever they deserve, both now and in the future.

“Then I saw another beast coming up out of the earth, and he had two horns like a lamb and spoke like a dragon. And he exercises all the authority of the first beast in his presence, and causes the earth and those who dwell in it to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed. He performs great signs, so that he even makes fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men.

And he deceives those who dwell on the earth–by those signs which he was granted to do in the sight of the beast, telling those who dwell on the earth to make an image to the beast who was wounded by the sword and lived. He was granted power to give breath to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak and cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed” (Revelation 13:11-15).

We have already seen two of the three major figures in Revelation chapter thirteen. The first is the dragon who was previously identified as Satan in chapter twelve. The second is the beast from the sea, commonly known as “the antichrist.” Verse eleven now marks the unveiling of our third and final character: the beast of the earth. As we continue our look at Revelation chapter thirteen, we will soon discover why this figure is also known as “the false prophet.”

“And he was given a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies, and he was given authority to continue for forty-two months” (Revelation 13:5).

There is no need to speculate regarding the “proud words” (NET), and “monstrous blasphemies” (Phillips) uttered by the beast in this passage, for the following verse offers an example…

“It opened its mouth to blaspheme God, and to slander his name and his dwelling place and those who live in heaven” (Revelation 13:6).

“Blasphemy” involves the act of cursing God or living in a way that demonstrates a lack of reverence or respect for Him. A blasphemous person is someone who speaks or lives in a way that expresses scorn for his or her Creator. The essence of that attitude is captured by the word “contempt,” a word that defines those who show disdain for something deemed worthless ₍₁₎ The beast of Revelation 13:6 will not only display that attitude, he will lead others to adopt it as well.

“Slander” is a related concept that involves the spread of false information with the intent to harm another person. It also represents one of the oldest weapons in the adversary’s arsenal. For instance, consider the serpent’s interaction with Eve in the Garden of Eden. When Eve told the serpent that the fruit of the tree in the midst of the garden would bring certain death if she consumed it, the serpent responded in the following manner…

“You will not surely die. For God knows that in the day you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil” (Genesis 3:4-5).

As Eve (and the rest of humanity) ultimately learned, that was a slanderous falsehood spoken with the intent to harm God’s character as a truthful and benevolent Creator. Not coincidentally, the same slanderous tactic chronicled in the first book of the Bible reappears here in the last book of the Bible.

However, the slanderous insults directed towards “…those who live in heaven” involve more than God and the angelic inhabitants of that realm. They also involve every man and woman of God as well. The following passage from the Biblical book of Philippians offers some additional insight into that reality…

“For our citizenship is in heaven, from which we also eagerly wait for the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ” (Philippians 3:20).

So these defamatory statements also encompass those who are citizens of heaven by extension.

“It was granted to him to make war with the saints and to overcome them. And authority was given him over every tribe, tongue, and nation. All who dwell on the earth will worship him, whose names have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world” (Revelation 13:7-8).

While the beast of Revelation 13:7 will secure a fleeting victory over the people of God in this passage, these saints will return in Revelation chapter nineteen in a very different manner.

(1) contempt: OneLook Thesaurus. (n.d.). https://www.onelook.com/thesaurus/?s=contempt&loc=wildcard4

“They worshiped the dragon because he gave authority to the beast. And they worshiped the beast, saying, ‘Who is like the beast? Who is able to wage war against him?'” (Revelation 13:4 HCSB).

“Who is like the Lord our God?” the psalmist asked in Psalm 113:4. In a distorted echo of the psalmist’s question, the beast of Revelation chapter thirteen will elicit a similar query: “who is like him?” But more disturbing is the fact that the people of that era will worship the dragon and the beast.

This helps answer an important question regarding the events of this chapter. For instance, let’s consider the following questions: what does Satan ultimately want from humanity? What does he seek from relatively insignificant human beings? We find the principal answers to those questions here in Revelation 13:4: the devil desires to be worshiped. In other words, the adversary seeks the recognition, devotion, and respect that is befitting of God alone.

These references to worship represent a key concept in this passage. For example, the word translated “worship” here in Revelation 13:4 is proskuneo in the original language of this verse. This word carries a highly descriptive definition: “to kiss, like a dog licking his master’s hand, to fawn (over), (to) do reverence to, (to) adore.” ₍₁₎ This illustrates the way these populations will respond to the dragon and the beast.

The book of the Old Testament prophet Isaiah sheds light on this subject and helps reveal the underlying motive behind the adversary’s objective…

“You said in your heart, ‘I will ascend to heaven; I will raise my throne above the stars of God… I will make myself like the Most High'” (Isaiah 14:13-14 NIV).

While it’s easy to see the pretentious arrogance behind such a statement, it’s important to guard against the subtle attraction of that mindset lest a similar attitude seep into our thinking. An incident from the life of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar illustrates the human tendency to adopt a similar mentality…

“…as [Nebuchadnezzar] was walking on the roof of the royal palace in Babylon, the king exclaimed, ‘Is this not Babylon the Great that I have built by my vast power to be a royal residence and to display my majestic glory?'” (Daniel 4:29-30).

Nebuchadnezzar’s pride and arrogance brought a swift reprisal that continued until he learned to humble himself before God (see Daniel chapter four). Instead of following that poor example, the New Testament book of 1 Peter shows us a better path….

“So humble yourselves under the mighty power of God, and at the right time He will lift you up in honor” (1 Peter 5:6 NLT).

(1) G4352 – proskyneo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4352/kjv/tr/0-1/

“Now the beast that I saw was like a leopard, but its feet were like a bear’s, and its mouth was like a lion’s mouth. The dragon gave the beast his power, his throne, and great authority to rule. (Revelation 13:2 NET).

Each predator mentioned here in Revelation 13:2 is a dangerous, carnivorous animal. For instance, leopards are one of the fastest creatures on earth, and no human being can outrun them. Bears relentlessly hunt their prey, leaving no hiding place safe from their destructive pursuit. As for lions, their dominant presence commands respect, thus earning them the title “king of the beasts.”

These creatures all possess a common denominator: they each pose a lethal threat to human beings. Taken together, these attributes highlight the violet, aggressive nature of the figure who is introduced to us here in the opening verses of Revelation chapter thirteen.

This passage goes on to tell us, “The dragon gave him his power, his throne, and great authority” (HCSB). In other words, this individual will derive his power and authority directly from Satan. However, the following verse presents us with a curious bit of information: “One of the heads of the beast seemed to have had a fatal wound, but the fatal wound had been healed. The whole world was filled with wonder and followed the beast” (Revelation 13:3 NIV).

The events described in this verse seem to be consistent with an attempted assassination. Thus, it’s possible that an attempt will be made on this person’s life that initially appears to succeed, only to be followed by an astonishing (and presumably miraculous) recovery. In this way, the beast of the sea may appear to function as a Christ figure, even mirroring the narrative of death and resurrection.

This stunning recovery will have a profound effect on all who see and hear of it: “…The whole earth was amazed and followed the beast. Everyone worshiped the dragon because he had given his authority to the beast. They worshiped the beast also, saying, ‘Who is like the beast? Who can fight against it?'” (Revelation 13:3-4 GNB).

This represents a key passage in in Revelation chapter thirteen, for it offers an explanation for much of what will transpire. Note the response of those who worshipped the dragon and the beast: “Who is like the beast? Who is able to make war with him?” Much like the distorted image produced in a carnival funhouse, those statements reflect a corrupt reimagining of Psalm 113:5, where we read, “Who is like the Lord our God, Who dwells on high.”

It also reveals the dragon’s underlying objective, one that we’ll examine next.

Image Attribution : agracier – NO VIEWS, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

“And I saw a beast rising out of the sea, with ten horns and seven heads, with ten diadems on its horns and blasphemous names on its heads” (Revelation 13:1 ESV).

For many, the word “antichrist” evokes a wide array of scary, media-driven images. Unfortunately, this only serves to obscure the substance of this verse. Therefore, we would do well to leave those fictional elements behind in order to focus our attention on the message of this passage.

As mentioned earlier, the prefix “anti” means “against” or “in place of.” The term “antichrist” will thus find its ultimate definition in the period described here in Revelation 13:1. At that time, a man will emerge whose life will be one of total and unrelenting submission to the power and influence of sin. He will become a living, breathing personification of “the antichrist” in every sense of the word.

The Biblical book of 2 Thessalonians discusses the rise of this individual as well…

“Don’t let anyone deceive you in any way, for that day will not come until the rebellion occurs and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the man doomed to destruction. He will oppose and will exalt himself over everything that is called God or is worshiped, so that he sets himself up in God’s temple, proclaiming himself to be God” (2 Thessalonians 2:3-4 NIV).

As we’ll see, this man will be defined by his opposition to Christ as well as his efforts to supplant him. This passage offers a further description by informing us that this beast arises from the sea. The book of the Biblical prophet Isaiah may shed light on this detail, for it tells us, “…the wicked are like the tossing sea, which cannot rest, whose waves cast up mire and mud” (Isaiah 57:20 NIV). That characterization is certainly true of the beast who emerges here in Revelation 13:1.

Next, we’re told, “It had ten horns, seven heads, and ten crowns on its horns” (GW). In this context, “horns” are synonymous with power. The reference to seven heads serves to associate him with Satan, who appeared earlier in chapter twelve as a seven-headed dragon. These horns likely allude to national powers, for each horn features a crown (or diadem) that speaks of political leadership or royalty.

Finally, we’re also told that each head featured a blasphemous name. So this person’s spiritual allegiance is unquestionable, for blasphemy refers to the act of cursing, slandering, demonstrating contempt, and/or lack of reverence for God.

Three pivotal figures will serve as the focus of our narrative here in Revelation chapter thirteen. We encountered the first of those figures earlier in Revelation chapter twelve when we were introduced to “the dragon,” a being who is clearly identified as Satan in Revelation 12:9. The second figure is identified in verse one as the “beast rising from the sea.” The final character appears in verse eleven where he is referred to as “beast coming up out of the earth.” Over time, these latter two figures have come to be known as “the antichrist” and “the false prophet.”

We can also separate our text from Revelation chapter thirteen into three primary sections. The first section outlines the blasphemous political system that will characterize that era. Section two describes the unholy religious structure of that period. The concluding section delves into the godless economic system that will dominate that age. That final section is also where we will encounter the ominous number 666.

“Then I stood on the sand of the sea. And I saw a beast rising up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and on his horns ten crowns, and on his heads a blasphemous name.

Now the beast which I saw was like a leopard, his feet were like the feet of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion. The dragon gave him his power, his throne, and great authority. And I saw one of his heads as if it had been mortally wounded, and his deadly wound was healed.

And all the world marveled and followed the beast. So they worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast; and they worshiped the beast, saying, ‘Who is like the beast? Who is able to make war with him?'” (Revelation 13:1-4).

In Revelation chapter twelve, we learned that Satan was permanently ousted from heaven prior to the events that take place in the passage quoted above. As a result, Revelation 12:12 tells us that he was “…filled with fury, because he knows that his time is short” (NIV). Here now in the following chapter, he expresses that deep emotional anger by calling forth a being from the sea that verse one identifies as a “beast.”

This word refers to a dangerous animal in the original language of these verses. However, this being has also acquired another name: the antichrist. The prefix “anti” means “against,” and appears in commonly used words such as “antifreeze” (an agent that protects against freezing), and “antibiotic” (or a medication that protects against bacteria).

However, the prefix “anti” can also mean “instead of,” or “in place of.” So the term “antichrist” can describe a person or belief that attempts to substitute Christ for someone or something else. Thus, any person or teaching that attempts to take the place of Jesus in someone’s life might be characterized by the term “antichrist.”

“But the earth came to the help of the woman, and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon had poured from his mouth. Then the dragon became furious with the woman and went off to make war on the rest of her offspring, on those who keep the commandments of God and hold to the testimony of Jesus. And he stood on the sand of the sea” (Revelation 12:16-17 ESV).

So, the fact that the earth served to protect the woman of Revelation 12:13-16 from the dragon’s destructive flood only served to enrage him more. Nevertheless, this sequence of events is much like God’s miraculous parting of the Red Sea in one sense. For instance, when the people of Old Testament Israel departed from the nation of Egypt, the Biblical book of Exodus tells us, “The Egyptian army, with all the horses, chariots, and drivers, pursued them and caught up with them where they were camped by the Red Sea…” (Exodus 14:9 GNB).

In response, Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, “…and the Lord caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that night, and made the sea into dry land, and the waters were divided. So the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea on the dry ground, and the waters were a wall to them on their right hand and on their left” (Exodus 14:21-22).

This allows us to draw certain parallels between these narratives. In the Exodus account, God parted the waters to provide His people with a way of escape. Here in the book of Revelation, God parted the earth to offer a similar path to safety. While the method of escape varied, the final result (arrival at a place of safety) remained the same.

However, that served to infuriate the enemy even further: “So the dragon became enraged at the woman and went away to make war on the rest of her children, those who keep God’s commandments and hold to the testimony about Jesus” (Revelation 12:17 NET). The word “furious” or “enraged” comes from a root word that means “any violent emotion, but esp. anger” or, “violent passion… by implication punishment.” ₍₁₎ Thus, anyone who seeks to follow Christ during this period will be subject to a declaration of war.

So, that brings us to the end of Revelation chapter twelve. However, it also brings us to the emergence of two pivotal characters in the following chapter: the beast of the sea and the beast of the earth.

(1) G3709 – orge – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g3709/kjv/tr/0-1/

“Then I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, ‘Now salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of His Christ have come, for the accuser of our brethren, who accused them before our God day and night, has been cast down.

And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, and they did not love their lives to the death.

Therefore rejoice, O heavens, and you who dwell in them! Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and the sea! For the devil has come down to you, having great wrath, because he knows that he has a short time'” (Revelation 12:10-12).

So having lost access to the heavenly realm, the enemy was forcibly removed to the only theater of operation left to him: the earth. Much like a cornered, wounded animal, this passage tells us, “The devil has come down to you with great rage, for he knows that he only has a short time” (CEB). Unfortunately, that type of animal is often the most dangerous, as we’ll see…

“Now when the dragon saw that he had been cast to the earth, he persecuted the woman who gave birth to the male Child. But the woman was given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness to her place, where she is nourished for a time and times and half a time, from the presence of the serpent.

So the serpent spewed water out of his mouth like a flood after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away by the flood. But the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed up the flood which the dragon had spewed out of his mouth. And the dragon was enraged with the woman, and he went to make war with the rest of her offspring, who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ” (Revelation 12:13-17).

Most of us have likely seen or encountered someone whose anger was so intense that they unleashed their rage upon others. That experience serves to illustrate the dragon’s wrath toward the woman who had given birth to the male child mentioned earlier in verse five. The instrument of his fury is a great flood that threatened to sweep her away.

It’s unclear if this passage refers to a literal flood, or a flood in the sense of a town that is “flooded” by a massive influx of people. But what is certain is that God will execute a supernatural rescue: “But the earth came to the woman’s rescue, opened its mouth and swallowed up the river which the dragon had emitted from his mouth” (Revelation 12:16 Phillips).

“Then war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back” (Revelation 12:7 NIV).

It’s important to note the participants in this conflict: “…Michael and his angels battled with the dragon. The dragon and his angels fought back” (Phillips). This reminds us that Satan (or “the dragon” as he is referred to in this passage), is not God’s equal. Instead, a more accurate comparison would involve Michael, the archangel, along with the other angels mentioned in this passage.

The Old Testament book of the prophet Daniel may offer some additional insight into this period when it tells us, “At that time Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise. There will be a time of distress such as has not happened from the beginning of nations until then” (Daniels 12:1 NIV). That battle will end with a decisive blow…

“And the dragon lost the battle, and he and his angels were forced out of heaven. This great dragon–the ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, the one deceiving the whole world–was thrown down to the earth with all his angels” (Revelation 12:8-9 NLT).

This passage employs several descriptive phrases with respect to this great spiritual enemy…

• Dragon. One dictionary reference to the word “dragon” includes the following definition: “Something very formidable or dangerous.” ₍₁₎ This aligns with the warning given to us in 1 Peter 5:8: “Stay alert! Watch out for your great enemy, the devil. He prowls around like a roaring lion, looking for someone to devour” (NLT).
• Serpent or “snake.” In the context of human relationships, the word “snake” describes a deceitful, underhanded, or treacherous individual. But in this case, these words are not merely descriptive of Satan’s conduct; they form the very basis of his character.
• Devil. The word “devil” refers to a “false accuser,” and finds its origin in a word that means “slanderer.” ₍₂₎
• Satan. The name “Satan” means “adversary.” ₍₃₎

Finally, these verses add one additional descriptive phrase in speaking of the one “…who deceives the whole world” (NET). So we can include “deception” to this list of negative characteristics as well.

The Biblical book of Job suggests that the devil, even in his fallen state, retained some degree of access to the heavenly realm (see Job 1:6-10 for an example). But that time has come to an end, as chronicled here in verses eight and nine. As we’ll see over the next few verses, this new reality will lead to a period of rejoicing for the inhabitants of heaven. But what was good news for them will mean something very different for the world’s inhabitants.

(1) dragon. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). Retrieved February 14 2025 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/dragon

(2) G1228 – diabolos – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g1228/kjv/tr/0-1/

(3) G4567 – satanas – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (rsv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4567/rsv/mgnt/0-1/

“So the woman gave birth to a son, a male child, who is going to rule over all the nations with an iron rod. Her child was suddenly caught up to God and to his throne” (Revelation 12:5 NET).

Having failed in his attempt to eliminate the child mentioned here, the dragon of Revelation chapter twelve suffered a further setback: “Then the woman fled into the wilderness where God had prepared a place for her so that she might be taken care of for 1,260 days” (Revelation 12:6). So, we now move forward from the affairs of the past in verses four and five to a future where the events of Revelation chapter twelve are unfolding.

Just as God protected His people on numerous occasions throughout their long history, our text from Revelation 12:6 tells us that God will step forward to protect His people once again in the future. This place of sanctuary will function as a safe haven for three and one-half years (or 1,260 days based on a 360-day calendar year).

“And war broke out in heaven: Michael and his angels fought with the dragon; and the dragon and his angels fought, but they did not prevail, nor was a place found for them in heaven any longer. So the great dragon was cast out, that serpent of old, called the Devil and Satan, who deceives the whole world; he was cast to the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.

Then I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, ‘Now salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of His Christ have come, for the accuser of our brethren, who accused them before our God day and night, has been cast down. And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, and they did not love their lives to the death.

Therefore rejoice, O heavens, and you who dwell in them! Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and the sea! For the devil has come down to you, having great wrath, because he knows that he has a short time'” (Revelation 12:7-12).

This is an astonishing development- war in heaven. But who initiated these hostilities? Did the dragon and his legions attempt to mount a “hostile takeover” of heaven? Or did God elect to forcibly remove them from the heavenly realm? Either way, these verses paint a portrait that depicts a titanic struggle between the forces of good and evil in the celestial world.

“His tail swept away a third of the stars in heaven and hurled them to the earth. And the dragon stood in front of the woman who was about to give birth, so that when she did give birth he might devour her child. But she gave birth to a Son–a male who is going to shepherd all nations with an iron scepter–and her child was caught up to God and to His throne” (Revelation 12:4-5 HCSB).

We’ve already identified two of the three figures that appear in the opening verses of Revelation chapter twelve. The woman spoken of here is representative of Israel, while the dragon represents Satan. Who then is the male child who is referenced in this passage? Well, we can associate this child with Jesus Himself.

As a human being, Jesus came forth from the nation of Israel, thus establishing His connection to the woman of Revelation 12:1. In addition, this reference to “an iron scepter” recalls a similar term used earlier in Psalm two where God the Father issues the following invitation to His Son…

“Ask of Me, and I will give You The nations for Your inheritance, And the ends of the earth for Your possession. You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel” (Psalm 2:8-9).

We’re also told that “…the dragon stood before the woman who was about to give birth, so that he might devour her child as soon as it was born” (NET). The Biblical Scriptures offer several historic examples that might fit this image. Consider the following excerpt from the book of Exodus…

“… Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, instructed the Hebrew midwives… to kill all Hebrew boys as soon as they were born, but to let the girls live. But the midwives feared God and didn’t obey the king- they let the boys live too… Then Pharaoh commanded all of his people to throw the newborn Hebrew boys into the Nile River. But the girls, he said, could live” (Exodus 1:15-16, 22 TLB).

The Old Testament books of 1 and 2 Samuel also detail several attempts on the life of king David, the ancestor of God’s promised Savior. Then we have the Biblical book of Esther, a work that chronicles the account of a man named Haman and his attempt to exterminate the Jewish people. Finally, we have the New Testament example of king Herod. Shortly after Jesus’ birth, Herod killed every male child aged two and younger in the city of Bethlehem and the surrounding areas in an attempt to eliminate Jesus as a rival king.

From a 21st century perspective, we can associate each of these events with the dragon’s attempts to “devour” Jesus before He had an opportunity to fulfill His role as Savior.

“And another sign appeared in heaven: behold, a great red dragon, with seven heads and ten horns, and on his heads seven diadems” (Revelation 12:3 ESV).

In speaking of a large, red, seven-headed dragon, Revelation 12:3 offers another sign. Red is traditionally associated with the color of war, while dragons are large, destructive, and dangerous. While the number seven is typically associated with the idea of perfection, this passage does not suggest perfection in a positive sense. Instead, this being is perfectly evil. The crowns are symbolic of power and authority, and as for the horns, we will consider them at greater length when we reach Revelation chapter thirteen.

We can skip ahead in Revelation chapter twelve to gain a clearer picture of this dragon’s true identity: “So the great dragon was cast out, that serpent of old, called the Devil and Satan, who deceives the whole world; he was cast to the earth, and his angels were cast out with him” (Revelation 12:9). This leads us to a comparative analysis that offers a great deal of spiritual insight.

When “that serpent of old” first appeared in the first book of the Bible, he seemed to be little more than a talkative and inquisitive serpent. ₍₁₎ But here in the last book of the Bible, he has grown to become an enormous seven-headed dragon. That comparison thus serves as a fitting analogy for sin. For instance, a seemingly minor indiscretion of thought or deed may eventually grow into something uncontrollable that threatens to consume us. Therefore, we would do well to seek God’s help in avoiding such things before small sins turn into large ones.

Revelation 12:4 continues by saying, “His tail swept down a third of heaven’s stars and threw them to the earth…” (CEB). This passage should catch our attention, for Job 38:6-7 draws a parallel between stars and angelic beings. In fact, the Biblical book of the prophet Isaiah describes Satan himself in that very manner. ₍₂₎

This has led some commentators to the understanding that Satan persuaded one-third of the angelic realm to join him in his rebellion against God. We now refer to those beings as “demons.” The act of throwing (or flinging) them to the earth tells us that they no longer serve God in heaven, but work to fulfill the dragon’s agenda on earth.

While such a thought may be terrifying to contemplate, it also means that two-thirds of the angelic realm remain in God’s service and represent “…ministering spirits sent to serve those who will inherit salvation” (Hebrews 1:14). But more importantly, God is ultimately responsible for the safety and security of His people, for as we’re reminded in the New Testament epistle of 1 John, “…He who is in you is greater than he who is in the world” (1 John 4:4).

(1) Or at least he appeared that way to Eve.

(2) While the text of Isaiah 14:1-23 concerns the king of Babylon, the context of verses twelve to fifteen addresses the Satanic power behind his throne.

Revelation chapter twelve introduces several key figures along with some information that helps us identify them…

“Now a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a garland of twelve stars. Then being with child, she cried out in labor and in pain to give birth. And another sign appeared in heaven: behold, a great, fiery red dragon having seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems on his heads.

His tail drew a third of the stars of heaven and threw them to the earth. And the dragon stood before the woman who was ready to give birth, to devour her Child as soon as it was born. She bore a male Child who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron. And her Child was caught up to God and His throne” (Revelation 12:1-5).

So these verses present us with a pregnant woman, an enormous red dragon, and a male child. Who are these characters, and how should we understand their individual roles within this narrative?

One way to answer those questions is hiding in plain sight at the beginning of our text: “Now a great sign appeared…” A “sign” is something that indicates, designates, or points to something else. Much like a road sign that points us to another destination, the same is true of these characters from Revelation 12:1-5.

Let’s first consider the woman mentioned here. She wears the sun as a garment, the moon is beneath her feet, and a crown of twelve stars adorns her head. In addition to what we read in this passage, there is another portion of Scripture where the sun, moon, and stars play a significant role. That text is found in Genesis 37:9-10, and recounts a dream that Joseph, the famous Biblical figure, once experienced…

“Then [Joseph] dreamed still another dream and told it to his brothers, and said, ‘Look, I have dreamed another dream. And this time, the sun, the moon, and the eleven stars bowed down to me.’ So he told it to his father and his brothers; and his father rebuked him and said to him, ‘What is this dream that you have dreamed? Shall your mother and I and your brothers indeed come to bow down to the earth before you?'”

Notice Joseph’s father’s response to his dream: “What is this dream you had? Will your mother and I and your brothers actually come and bow down to the ground before you?” (NIV). This tells us that he associated these elements of Joseph’s dream with the members of his family.

We can tie these elements together when we recall that Joseph’s father’s name was Israel. His sons later became the leaders of the twelve tribes of Israel. Thus, we should be on solid interpretive ground if we link this woman and these references to the sun, moon, and stars with the nation of Israel.

Image Attribution :Photo by Jan van der Wolf, via pexels.com

“The second woe is past. Behold, the third woe is coming quickly. Then the seventh angel sounded: And there were loud voices in heaven, saying, ‘The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!’

And the twenty-four elders who sat before God on their thrones fell on their faces and worshiped God, saying: ‘We give You thanks, O Lord God Almighty, The One who is and who was and who is to come, Because You have taken Your great power and reigned. The nations were angry, and Your wrath has come, And the time of the dead, that they should be judged, And that You should reward Your servants the prophets and the saints, And those who fear Your name, small and great, And should destroy those who destroy the earth.’

Then the temple of God was opened in heaven, and the ark of His covenant was seen in His temple. And there were lightnings, noises, thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail” (Revelation 11:14-19).

Much like a signpost that points the way to a destination that lay in the distance, our text from Revelation 11:15 points us to the ultimate conclusion of this book: “…The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ, and he will reign for ever and ever'” (ESV). While the world has always been the Lord’s kingdom in a sense, there have been relatively few who have recognized His sovereign rulership. That will begin to change as we transition into the second half of Revelation.

As noted earlier in our look at Revelation chapter ten, this passage marks a continuation of the beginning of the end for this current world order. That shift away from the influence of humanity’s spiritual enemy also brings a series of rewards and punishments: “…the time has come for the dead to be judged. It is time for you to reward your servants the prophets and all of your people who honor your name, no matter who they are. It is time to destroy everyone who has destroyed the earth” (Revelation 11:18 CEV).

This reference to “judging the dead” reminds us that everyone will be held accountable for their actions. God will reward those who have used their God-given talents, skills, and abilities to honor Him. But those who destroy God’s creation will be treated in a similar manner.

And now that “The kingdom of the world has become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ…” we should note that God has made His temple accessible. That prepares us for our entry into the second half of this book.

Image Attribution :Signpost” by maroubal2 is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

“After 3 1/2 days the breath of life from God entered the two witnesses, and they stood on their feet. Great fear fell on those who watched them. The witnesses heard a loud voice from heaven calling to them, ‘Come up here.’ They went up to heaven in a cloud, and their enemies watched them. At that moment a powerful earthquake struck. One-tenth of the city collapsed, 7,000 people were killed by the earthquake, and the rest were terrified. They gave glory to the God of heaven” (Revelation 11:11-13 GW).

Earlier in Revelation 11:9, we discovered that a globally diverse audience will convene to view the lifeless bodies of God’s witnesses and refuse to grant them an honorable burial. Prior to the dawn of the 20th century, a person reading that passage may have assumed that a large international audience had gathered to witness this spectacle in person.

But satellite and high-speed internet technologies now enable us to view global events as they happen. Those options didn’t exist when the book of Revelation was first written. But they exist today, and it’s easy to see how those technologies might enable populations from every tribe, language, and nation to view this exhibition in large screen, high definition color.

So for three and a half days, multitudes will celebrate the demise of these witnesses. Much like a festive holiday, people will exchange gifts “…and throw parties to celebrate the death of the two prophets who had tormented them so much…” (Revelation 11:10 TLB). These witnesses served as a painful and irritating reminder of the God they sought to dismiss, and many rejoiced over their deaths.

Then, as now, people are known by what they celebrate, and these joyous crowds were no exception. The witnesses of Revelation 11:3-7 inflicted great distress upon the populations of a world that rejected its Creator. From the perspective of these multitudes, their demise was cause for celebration. But that party will suddenly come to an abrupt end: “After three and a half days a life-giving breath came from God and entered them, and they stood up; and all who saw them were terrified” (Revelation 11:11 GNB).

So, those who held these witnesses in contempt will suddenly realize the enormity of their error. Revelation 11:13 tells us that seven thousand of them will pay for that mistake with their lives by way of an earthquake that destroys ten percent of the city. This event will be the catalyst that subsequently moves these remaining survivors to honor God with the respect and reverence He is rightfully due.

“When they finish their testimony, the beast that ascends out of the bottomless pit will make war against them, overcome them, and kill them. And their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified. Then those from the peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations will see their dead bodies three-and-a-half days, and not allow their dead bodies to be put into graves.

And those who dwell on the earth will rejoice over them, make merry, and send gifts to one another, because these two prophets tormented those who dwell on the earth. Now after the three-and-a-half days the breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet, and great fear fell on those who saw them. And they heard a loud voice from heaven saying to them, “Come up here.’

And they ascended to heaven in a cloud, and their enemies saw them. In the same hour there was a great earthquake, and a tenth of the city fell. In the earthquake seven thousand people were killed, and the rest were afraid and gave glory to the God of heaven” (Revelation 11:7-13).

It’s important to consider the time sequence associated with the series of events that take place here in Revelation 11:7-13. This portion of Scripture begins with the “end of watch” ₍₁₎ for the witnesses who were introduced to us earlier in verse three. Thus, we can say that these witnesses are invincible until God dismisses them from their divinely appointed task.

Revelation 11:7 identifies the entity that kills these witnesses as “the beast.” This is the first of over two dozen references to this being in the book of Revelation. Much like the antichrist mentioned earlier in our study of this chapter, we will discuss this being at greater length when we reach Revelation chapter thirteen.

Revelation 11:8 then continues by saying, “Their bodies will be left lying in the streets of the same great city where their Lord was nailed to a cross. And that city is spiritually like the city of Sodom or the country of Egypt” (CEV). Much like the “holy city” referenced earlier, we can associate the reference with the historic city of Jerusalem. But how does this relate to Sodom and Egypt?

We can address that question when we consider these references in a Biblical context. Sodom is traditionally linked with the concept of sexual immorality, while Egypt was a place of enslavement for the people of Israel. Taken together, these references provide us with the image of a populace that lives in a paradoxical state. While many will embrace the concept of sexual freedom and liberation, they will actually be enslaved by their own immoral behaviors.

(1) In modern parlance, “end of watch” signifies the time and date at which a law enforcement officer was killed in the line of duty.

“And I will grant authority to my two witnesses, and they will prophesy for 1,260 days, clothed in sackcloth” (Revelation 11:3 ESV).

While “sackcloth” is largely unfamiliar to modern-day audiences, it was a material held deep cultural significance in the Old and New Testament periods.

Sackcloth was a coarse, rough, bag-like material with a texture and appearance that lived up to its name. Sackcloth was typically constructed from camel or goat hair in the Biblical era. Thus, a burlap bag or coarse brown sack would probably form the closest modern equivalent to this type of clothing material. The act of wearing sackcloth symbolized deep emotional distress and indifference to worldly comforts, especially during a time of emotional sorrow.

That brings us to these two witnesses and their God-given authority. Revelation 11:4 offers some additional insight into the power behind these individuals: “These witnesses are the two olive trees and the two lamp stands standing in the presence of the Lord of the earth” (GW). Therefore, we can say these witnesses possess authority along with humility as well (as symbolized by the act of wearing sackcloth).

The imagery associated with these olive trees and oil-fueled lamps is not unique to the Book of Revelation. For instance, the book of the Biblical prophet Zechariah presents us with a similar word-picture (see Zechariah chapter four). The idea is that these olive trees will yield a limitless supply of fuel, thus ensuring a continuous and inexhaustible source of illumination for these lamps. In addition, oil is symbolic of the Holy Spirit who enables these witnesses to serve as a light to the world during this period.

The following verses tell us that God will also provide these witnesses with a variety of offensive and defensive weapons…

“If anyone tries to harm them, fire comes from their mouths and devours their enemies. This is how anyone who wants to harm them must die. They have power to shut up the heavens so that it will not rain during the time they are prophesying; and they have power to turn the waters into blood and to strike the earth with every kind of plague as often as they want” (Revelation 11:5-6).

While these witnesses may possess the ability to incinerate their enemies, this reference to fire may also pertain to the message God had given them, a message that will fully consume their enemies. Finally, their ability to call forth fire and ”every kind of plague” is reminiscent of the supernatural enablements that Elijah (2 Kings 1:9-12) and Moses (Exodus 7-12) possessed as well.

Image Attribution : PxHere

“I will empower my two witnesses, and they will prophesy for 1,260 days, dressed in sackcloth” (Revelation 11:3 HCSB).

We’ll begin our look at the witnesses of Revelation 11:3 with the second characteristic referenced here: prophecy. As mentioned earlier in our study of the church of Thyatira, a “prophet” is someone who possesses the unerring ability to offer God’s direction. This word also describes someone who conveys divinely inspired information regarding a specific circumstance or future event.

These individuals mentioned here in Revelation 11:3 will serve as God’s representatives during this interval. And much like an ambassador or spokesperson, these witnesses will communicate God’s message for a specific time period. However, their mission allows us to make a contemporary application as well.

While the ministry of these prophetic witnesses lay in the future, there are modern-day leaders who claim to fulfill a similar prophetic role today. With this in mind, the Scriptures encourage us to put those individuals to the test: “Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits, whether they are of God; because many false prophets have gone out into the world” (1 John 4:1).

That passage should also encourage us to follow the counsel given to us in the New Testament book of 1 Thessalonians: “Test everything. Hold on to the good. Avoid every kind of evil” (1 Thessalonians 5:21-22 NIV). Much like a jeweler who inspects a gemstone to verify its authenticity, these verses remind us to examine the alleged prophecies we may encounter and measure them against the Biblical Scriptures.

This is especially true of those individuals or organizations that self-identify as “Christian” but derive their doctrinal beliefs from sources other than the sixty-six books of the Old and New Testaments. In the words of a source quoted earlier, “The ability to prophesy may involve predicting future events, but its main purpose is to communicate God’s message to people, providing insight, warning, correction, and encouragement.” ₍₁₎ That definition serves to describe the role of God’s witnesses here in Revelation 11.

Today, we might best associate the use of a prophetic gift with the ability to bring a fresh application of Biblical truth as prompted by the Holy Spirit. But before we leave this subject, there is one final concern to discuss. That concern involves those who tend to perceive their internal thoughts, feelings, or impressions as “a word from the Lord.”

While God may speak to us in that manner, we should be mindful of Proverbs 30:5-6 before making such an assumption: ”Every word of God is flawless; he is a shield to those who take refuge In him. Do not add to his words, or he will rebuke-you and prove you a liar” (NIV). Thus, it may be preferable to say, ”I believe God has spoken to me’‘ in such situations. That caveat acknowledges the reality of human imperfection as we pursue a well-intentioned desire to hear from God.

(1) Life Application Study Bible [1 Corinthians 14:1] Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2004 by Tyndale House Publishers Inc., all rights reserved.

“Then I was given a measuring rod like a staff, and I was told, ‘Rise and measure the temple of God and the altar and those who worship there'” (Revelation 11:1 ESV).

Although the temple of Jesus’ day has long since disappeared, our author was told to conduct a survey of the temple structure along with those who worshipped there in Revelation 11:1. This has led some to predict the eventual construction of a future temple. That, along with details to be revealed later in the Book of Revelation, will culminate in the appearance of an individual known as the antichrist, according to this view.

The Biblical book of 2 Thessalonians speaks of such a person, a man “…who opposes and exalts himself above all that is called God or that is worshiped, so that he sits as God in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God” (2 Thessalonians 2:4). Thus, he will attempt to substitute himself in place of God, claiming the title and worship that is reserved for God alone. We’ll discuss this subject at greater length when we reach Revelation chapter thirteen.

“But exclude the outer court; do not measure it, because it has been given to the Gentiles. They will trample on the holy city for 42 months” (Revelation 11:2 NIV).

The “holy city” is associated with the city of Jerusalem. This passage tells us that those who are hostile to God will trample the city for forty-two months, or 3 1/2 years. This word “trample” from Revelation 11:2 means to ‘crush with the feet” and, ”to treat with insult and contempt.” ₍₁₎ This indicates that the destruction associated with this period will be quite severe.

We are then introduced to two new characters in verse three…

“And I will give power to my two witnesses, and they will prophesy one thousand two hundred and sixty days, clothed in sackcloth. These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands standing before the God of the earth. And if anyone wants to harm them, fire proceeds from their mouth and devours their enemies. And if anyone wants to harm them, he must be killed in this manner. These have power to shut heaven, so that no rain falls in the days of their prophecy; and they have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to strike the earth with all plagues, as often as they desire” (Revelation 11:3-6).

So God will dispatch two representatives during this period. These individuals will…

1. Be empowered by God.
2. Prophesy.
3. Be clothed in sackcloth.

We’ll discuss these witnesses further in our next study.

(1) G3961 – pateo – Strong’s Greek Lexicon (kjv). (n.d.). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g3961/kjv/tr/0-1/

“Then I was given a reed like a measuring rod. And the angel stood, saying, ‘Rise and measure the temple of God, the altar, and those who worship there. But leave out the court which is outside the temple, and do not measure it, for it has been given to the Gentiles. And they will tread the holy city underfoot for forty-two months” (Revelation 11:1-2).

The opening verses of Revelation chapter eleven mark the emergence of the temple of God, a structure that is rich with historical significance. King Solomon oversaw the construction and subsequent dedication of Israel’s first temple in 953 B.C. That magnificent building stood until 586 B.C. when it was destroyed by the invading Babylonian army. It was later rebuilt around 517 B.C. as chronicled in the book of the Old Testament prophet Ezra (6:15-16).

Centuries later, another temple building project began under the patronage of a secular governor known to history as Herod the Great. An ancient account of that project tells us that the temple’s primary structure was built of stone and gold and took almost a decade to complete. It was also said that the sun reflected off the white stone and gold of the temple with such intense brilliance that it was impossible to gaze upon it from a distance in the daytime.

With this in mind, let’s consider Jesus’ message to His disciples concerning the temple of that era…

“As Jesus was leaving the temple, one of his disciples said to him, ‘Look, Teacher! What massive stones! What magnificent buildings!’ ‘Do you see all these great buildings?’ replied Jesus. ‘Not one stone here will be left on another; every one will be thrown down'” (Mark 13:1-2 NIV).

That forewarning materialized roughly four decades after Jesus spoke those words. Beginning in A.D. 69, the Roman general Titus marched on the city of Jerusalem with 30,000 armed forces. His military objective involved a systematic and ruthless campaign to eliminate any remaining opposition to the Roman Empire. That military action leveled the city of Jerusalem along with the temple and every other major building. It also led to an estimated loss of one million lives.

The elaborate architecture of the temple reflected its role as a central component of Jewish spiritual and cultural identity. However, the Romans demolished the temple so thoroughly that modern scholars and archaeologists cannot pinpoint the exact location of several portions of it. Thus, Jesus’ prophetic statement came to pass just as He said: “…the time is coming when not even one stone will be left upon another. All will be demolished” (Luke 21:6 CEB).

We’ll tie these historic elements together next.

“Then I took the little book out of the angel’s hand and ate it, and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth. But when I had eaten it, my stomach became bitter” (Revelation 10:10).

A decision to internalize God’s Word may produce some bitter experiences, just as our author discovered in the passage quoted above. The same may be true of anyone who seeks to read the Biblical Scriptures and act upon them. For instance, consider the following message from Jesus to His followers and the crowds who gathered to hear his teachings…

“Then, calling the crowd to join his disciples, he said, ‘If any of you wants to be my follower, you must give up your own way, take up your cross, and follow me. If you try to hang on to your life, you will lose it. But if you give up your life for my sake and for the sake of the Good News, you will save it'” (Mark 8:34-35 NLT).

This portion of Scripture begins with an open invitation from Jesus to those who wish to follow Him. Jesus conveyed that invitation as follows: “Whoever wants to be my disciple…” (NIV). This tells us that the path to discipleship is open to anyone without qualification. Nevertheless, that decision carries a price. The New King James translation of this passage calculates that price for us: “Whoever desires to come after Me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me.”

“Denying yourself” and “taking up your cross” are two demanding, but essential characteristics of genuine discipleship. First, “denying yourself” is an act that demands humility. It requires us to abandon the single-minded pursuit of our personal interests and subordinate them to Christ. It also means that we can no longer allow “what’s best for me?” to guide our life philosophy. Instead, we must be willing to substitute Jesus’ priorities for our priorities as we navigate the circumstances of life.

The phrase “taking up your cross” points to the rejection, intolerance, opposition, and/or persecution that all true followers of Christ experience to greater or lesser degrees. As Jesus once remarked in speaking of end-times events, “… everyone will hate you because you are mine. But all who endure to the end without renouncing me shall be saved” (Mark 13:13 TLB).

That parallels our author’s bitter experience here in Revelation 10:9. However, Jesus also left us with a sweeter aspect to consider as well: “I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world” (John 16:33 NIV).

“Then the angel I had seen standing on the sea and on the land raised his right hand to heaven” (Revelation 10:5 NIV).

While the identity of this angel is uncertain, we can make some educated guesses. For instance, this angel could be Michael, the archangel. Since “arche” means “first” in the original language of the New Testament, Michael is among the highest ranking (if not the highest-ranking), angelic beings. Michael will also enter battle against Satan himself later in Revelation chapter twelve.

A second possibility is the angel Gabriel. By his own admission, Gabriel is an angel who stands in the presence of God. However, we should recognize that the vast majority of the angelic beings who appear in the Scriptures remain unnamed and unidentifiable. Much like this anonymous multitude, the same is true of the angel we encounter here in Revelation 10:5.

In any event, this angel issued a decisive proclamation in verse six: “There will be no more delay!” (NIV). As mentioned previously, this represents the beginning of the end for the current world order. From this point forward, God’s purposes will accelerate toward their ultimate culmination.

“Then the voice which I heard from heaven spoke to me again and said, ‘Go, take the little book which is open in the hand of the angel who stands on the sea and on the earth.’ So I went to the angel and said to him, ‘Give me the little book.’ And he said to me, ‘Take and eat it; and it will make your stomach bitter, but it will be as sweet as honey in your mouth.’

Then I took the little book out of the angel’s hand and ate it, and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth. But when I had eaten it, my stomach became bitter. And he said to me, ‘You must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings.’ (Revelation 10:8-11).

Much like the symbolic imagery of an open book tells us that God is open to sharing His message with us, the fact that John consumes this book carries significance as well. Just as John ate the little book that was given to him, we should also internalize God’s Word as well.

For instance, a person who refuses to eat will eventually grow physically weak. In the same manner, a person who doesn’t prayerfully read the Scriptures is sure to grow spiritually weak. Therefore, this passage reminds us that we would do well to ensure that we internalize a portion of God’s Word each day.

“Then the angel I had seen standing on the sea and on the land raised his right hand to heaven. And he swore by him who lives for ever and ever, who created the heavens and all that is in them, the earth and all that is in it, and the sea and all that is in it, and said, ‘There will be no more delay! But in the days when the seventh angel is about to sound his trumpet, the mystery of God will be accomplished, just as he announced to his servants the prophets.'” (Revelation 10:5-7 NIV).

These verses allow us to return to a discussion we began earlier in our look at Revelation chapter ten. There are several points of similarity between the angelic being depicted here in verse five and some of the descriptions of Jesus given to us earlier in the Book of Revelation. So who is the being mentioned here within this passage?

We find an important clue to his identity in verse six: “And he swore by him who lives for ever and ever…’” With this in mind, consider how Jesus introduced Himself to our author in Revelation chapter one: “I am the One who lives; I was dead, but look, I am alive forever and ever…” (Revelation 1:18 NCV). If Jesus is the One who is alive forever and ever, then he would have no need to swear by Him who lives forever and ever.

This tells us that this being is who he is said to be: a mighty angel. But this leaves one question unanswered: if this being is an angel, then why does he bear a striking resemblance to Jesus? One potential answer lies in the fact that we often tend to adopt the characteristics and mannerisms of our associates. This mighty angel may thus bear a resemblance to Jesus because he has spent time in Jesus’ presence.

The Old Testament book of Exodus offers a comparable example. For instance, Exodus 34:29-35 tells us that Moses’ face grew bright with a radiant glow whenever he returned from spending time in God’s presence. In a similar manner, the more time we spend in Jesus’ presence, the greater our potential to adopt His characteristic qualities as well.

Finally, the New Testament epistle of 1 John offers an encouraging truth in this regard: “Beloved, now we are children of God; and it has not yet been revealed what we shall be, but we know that when He is revealed, we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is” (1 John 3:2).

“The angel was holding a small scroll open in his hand…” (Revelation 10:2 NCV).

A contemporary equivalent of this “small scroll” would be a booklet, or similar type of diminutive written work. Although we can speculate on the contents of this scroll, one thing is certain: it is a message that comes from God. We should also notice how this angel holds this scroll: it is “…open in his hand.” So even though we are not alerted to the contents of this book, the symbolic imagery of an open scroll tells us that God is open to sharing His Word with us.

The fact that this angel “…planted his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land” (NIV) is also more significant than it may appear. While many terrible things are yet to come in the book of Revelation, this marks the beginning of the end of the enemy’s reign upon the world. Much like soldier who recaptures a land area that was taken by a hostile force, this angel has “planted his foot” and reclaimed the sea and the land of this planet for God.

“Then he shouted in a loud voice like a lion roaring, and when he shouted, the seven thunders sounded their voices. When the seven thunders spoke, I was preparing to write, but just then I heard a voice from heaven say, ‘Seal up what the seven thunders spoke and do not write it down'” (Revelation 10:3-4).

This seems unusual; why would our author reference this sequence of events if he was forbidden to write about what he heard? We can address this question in two ways. First, this passage reminds us that God may not reveal every aspect of His plan for us. In other words, it is God’s prerogative to withhold certain information from us if He chooses to do so.

Next, God may elect to reveal certain things to some individuals, but withhold such information from others as He sees fit. John, the author of Revelation, serves as a case in point. John knew exactly what these seven thunders said, for he was prepared to record it. But in this instance, God chose to reveal that information to John exclusively and not to anyone else. This tells us that there are certain things that God may choose to keep to Himself, or share with others on a case-by-case basis.

Finally, in a general sense, John’s experience should remind us of the need to exercise discretion in sharing the information we receive. That does not obligate us to remain silent in matters that are illegal, immoral, or unethical, but it should prompt us to be discriminating when it comes to disclosing what we learn. For example, this should inspire us to think carefully before we publicize the faults, idiosyncrasies, and shortcomings of others, especially those within the family of God. As Jesus Himself reminded us, “Treat others as you want them to treat you” (Matthew 7:12 CEV).

“I saw still another mighty angel coming down from heaven, clothed with a cloud. And a rainbow was on his head, his face was like the sun, and his feet like pillars of fire. He had a little book open in his hand. And he set his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land, and cried with a loud voice, as when a lion roars.

When he cried out, seven thunders uttered their voices. Now when the seven thunders uttered their voices, I was about to write; but I heard a voice from heaven saying to me, “Seal up the things which the seven thunders uttered, and do not write them” (Revelation 10:1-4).

The preceding chapters of the Book of Revelation detailed the trumpet calls of five angelic beings. Each of the first four trumpets heralded a different natural disaster, while the fifth unleashed a terrifying swarm of demonic creatures. The sixth trumpet sounded in Revelation 9:13, followed by the release of four murderous angels with an armed force of 200 million members that decimated one-third of humanity.

While we might ordinarily expect to see the seventh and final trumpet sound here in Revelation chapter ten, that will not take place until we reach Revelation 11:15. In the interim, the Book of Revelation presents us with a brief interlude that extends from the opening verse of this chapter through the first half of the following chapter. This portion of Scripture opens with a reference to “…another mighty angel coming down from heaven. He was robed in a cloud, with a rainbow above his head; his face was like the sun, and his legs were like fiery pillars” (NIV).

So what observations can we make regarding this angelic being? Well, our text from Revelation 10:1-4 offers several characteristics…

• He is a being of great strength.
• He is robed in a cloud.
• There is a rainbow above his head.
• His face was like the sun.
• His legs were like fiery pillars.

These characteristics seem to bear a resemblance to Jesus as we see Him in the book of Revelation. Consider the following parallels…

• Jesus is identified as “the first and last” in Revelation 1:17, a testament to His superior strength.
• Revelation 1:7 says that “He is coming with clouds.”
• We encountered a rainbow above the throne of God in Revelation 4:3.
• Revelation 1:16 says that “His face was like the sun shining in all its brilliance.“
• His feet were like “bronze glowing in a furnace…” according to Revelation 1:15.

We’ll revisit these items with an eye towards a personal application later in our study of this chapter.